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LEADERSHIP
Leadership is one of the most observed and
least understood
phenomenon on
earth---James Mcgregor Burns
Intriguing subject to sundry
Long roster of theories resulting in vast
literature
Reason:
Key Characteristics
Referred by
1- Autocratic Leadership
2- Democratic Leadership
3- Laissez-Faire
Leadership
Lack of involvement,
Bass (1997); Eagly et al.
avoidance of
(2003); Skogstad et al.
responsibilities, resistance (2007) etc.
in discussing critical issues
4- Transactional Leadership
Leader-Follower exchanges, clarification of subordinate responsibilities,
contingent rewards
Bass et al. (2003); Eagly et al. (2003); Van Eeden et al. (2008) etc.
5- Task Oriented Leadership
Planning and organizing work activities, clarification of roles, resolving workrelated problems, focus on goal achievement
Eagly and Johnson (1990); Bass (2009); Tabernero et al. (2009);Yukl (2012) etc.
6- Interpersonal Leadership
Tactful, enthusiastic, encouraging, confidence builder, morale booster, motive
arouser, honest, sincere, trustworthy, extrovert
Fleming (1992); Zander (1997); Brodbeck et al. (2000) etc.
7- Transformational Leadership
Vision, inspirational communication, intellectual stimulation, influence,
empowerment, high performance expectations
Bass (1997); Avolio et al. (1999); Jung and Avolio (2000); etc.
Leadershi
Key
p style
Characteristics
Referred by
8- Charismatic
Leadership
Strategic vision,
unconventional behavior,
agents of change, sensitive
to the needs of followers,
risk orientation, extrovert
9- Distributed
Leadership
Collaborative, intuitive
working relations,
institutionalized practices
10- Participative
Leadership
11- Directive
Leadership
Leadership style
Key Characteristics
Referred by
18- Team-oriented
Leadership
20- Autonomous
Leadership
24- Relationship-Oriented
Leadership style
Key Characteristics
Referred by
26- Humane-oriented
Leadership
31- E-leadership
32- Achievement-Oriented
Leadership
Leadership style
Key Characteristics
Referred by
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Scattered and long list of leadership styles!
Long list of styles makes it impossible to effectively link
the
discussion on leadership styles with other
frame of reference such as
personality
dimensions
Existing literature is brimming with leadership styles
without catering to their mutual exclusiveness
Need of representative styles
Devising representative
leadership styles-WHY
Thirty nine leadership styles which stemmed from scrutinizing the
literature are placed in four distinct groups in order to
develop
an unequivocal model of symbolic leadership styles
Such an effort can identify the overlapping as well as mutually
exclusive areas to streamline the discussion on this topic
The proposed assortment will also aid to eliminate the existing
controversies in the past literature
Four representative styles, which are non-mutually exclusive, will
bring more consistency in the leadership literature
Devising representative
leadership styles-HOW
The representative styles have been developed
utilizing a
common frame of reference i.e.
focus on leader and
centralization of
decision making.
The leadership styles (LS1 to LS4) can be seen
along a
continuum of focus and centralized
decision-making gradually shifting from leader to
subordinates.
Representative leadership
styles
Leadership style 1 Leadership style 2 Leadership style
(LS1)
(LS2)
3(LS3)
Leadership style 4
(LS4)
Role of Leader
Encourage participation
Assist followers
Little
High
High
Very High
High
Moderate
Low
Low
Unilateral
Followers motivation
Moderate as leader
provides training and
development to the
followers
Leadership style 1
(LS1)
Leadership style 2
(LS2)
Leadership style 3
(LS3)
Leadership style 4
(LS4)
Autocratic
Participative
Transformational
Servant
Transactional
Interpersonal
Visionary
Citizen
Task-oriented
Coaching
Charismatic
Authentic
Directive
Affiliative
Achievement-oriented
Humane-oriented
Authoritarian
Supportive
Pacesetting
Ethical
Aversive
Relations-oriented
Empowering
Narcissist
Authoritative
E-leadership
Instrumental
Consultative-advisory
Distributed
Coercive
Democratic
Intellectual
Self-protective
Expressive
Opinion
Team-oriented
Delegative
Autonomous
Addition to literature
The several leadership styles scattered in the
voluminous
leadership literature were identified
and grouped in four
groups based on their
common characteristics.
This amalgamation presents a more practical
configuration of leadership and
Fills the void in the leadership literature which needs
culmination into symbolic leadership styles.
Representative leadership styles can now be linked
with other structured frameworks (such as personality
dimensions) to see their relation.
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