Esiee Mimo

MIMO MIA!
or the different faces of MIMO!
Concepts of 3GPP LTE

9 Oct 2007
Page 1 1
Page
Taking LTE MIMO from

Standards to Starbucks
Moray Rumney 30th April 2009
Agenda
Just a little MIMO theory
MIMO in the LTE air interface
LTE MIMO conformance testing
Testing MIMO in the real world

9 Oct 2007
Page 2 2
Page

Agilent LTE Book

www.agilent.com/find/ltebook
www.amazon.com
In print April 16th
The first LTE book dedicated
to design and measurement
30 Authors
460 pages

9 Oct 2007
Page 3 3
Page

Book overview
Chapter 1 LTE Introduction
Chapter 2 Air Interface Concepts
Chapter 3 Physical Layer
Chapter 4 Upper Layer Signaling
Chapter 5 System Architecture Evolution
Chapter 6 Design and Verification Challenges
Chapter 7 Conformance Test
Chapter 8 Looking Towards 4G: LTE-Advanced
9 Oct 2007
Page 4 4
Page

Agenda

9 Oct 2007
Page 5 5
Page

Basic channel access modes

The Radio
Channel
Transmit
Antennas
SISO
Receive
Antennas
Transmit
Antennas
The Radio
Channel
Receive
Antennas
SIMO
Single Input Single Output
MISO
Multiple Input Single

Output
(Transmit diversity)
9 Oct 2007
Page 6 6
Page
Single Input Multiple

Output
(Receive diversity)
MIMO
Multiple Input Multiple Output

(Multiple data streams)
MIMO principles
Transmitting multiple data streams in the same space and
time used to be called interference!
So how does MIMO work?
1. MIMO capacity gains come from taking advantage of spatial
diversity in the radio channel
2. Depending on channel conditions and noise levels, the rank (number
of simultaneous streams) can be varied
3. The performance can be optimized using precoding
These three MIMO principles can seem complex to

understand particularly abstract mathematical descriptions
But we intuitively already know these MIMO principles in the
way they apply to our perception of audio
9 Oct 2007
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Page

Understanding MIMO spatial diversity through

Audio - Single Stream (Mono)
M
SISO
SIMO
MISO
SIMO + MISO
MIMO
Note, the combination of SIMO and MISO further improves

robustness but does not provide any MIMO capacity gain
since there is only one stream of data
9 Oct 2007
Page 8 8
Page

Understanding MIMO spatial diversity through

Audio - Dual Stream (Stereo)
R
Interference!
Interference!
L R
Interference!
MIMO!
For MIMO to work:
Must have at least as many receivers as transmitted streams

Must have spatial separation at both transmit and receive antennas
More transmitters enables beamforming in addition to MIMO

9 Oct 2007
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Page

Understanding MIMO precoding through Audio

MIMO Precoding is a pre-emphasis
technique used to improve the separation
of the streams at the receiver due to
unhelpful coupling in the channel
In audio systems precoding is similar to
stereo balance
If the receiver is not positioned directly
between the speakers the received
streams will be at different levels
Adjusting the balance at the transmitter
can mitigate the problem
Balancing requires feedback from the
receiver to the transmitter
9 Oct 2007
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Page
Not enough R

Understanding MIMO precoding through Audio

The receiver could just amplify the right channel but in the
presence of noise the corrected signal would degrade:
Precoding the transmission as L, 5R optimizes signal recovery
5R
Solution!
L + NL, 0.2 R + NR
L + NL, R + 5*NR
9 Oct 2007
Page 1111
Page
L + NL , R + N R
Problem!
Understanding MIMO Rank adaptation through

Audio
In good radio conditions an FM stereo receiver will attempt to
decode both the left and right signals (streams)
When the noise gets too high the receiver switches to mono
and the quality improves although stereo is lost
This is the audio equivalent of rank adaptation where the
number of streams is reduced under poor conditions
Transmit matrix encoded FM stereo as L + R, L R
Receive (L + R) + N1, (L R) + N2
Since N1 and N2 are largely correlated, adding the two
streams (maximum ratio combining) cancels most of the
noise
9 Oct 2007
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Page

The role of channel correlation and noise in

system performance
In a ideal 2x2 system the potential capacity gain is 2x
The actual gain depends on how easily the receiver can
descramble the simultaneous transmissions this depends on the
amount of unwanted correlation and noise
In audio systems channel correlation and noise also affects
perceived stereo performance
Spaced living room speakers - lots of correlation degrades stereo,
susceptible to external noise
Open headphones zero correlation, good stereo but still susceptible to
noise
Closed headphones zero correlation, minimal noise

9 Oct 2007
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Page

So what makes a good channel for MIMO?

A perfect MIMO channel is
like the closed headphones:
channels 2 and 3 dont exist
T0
By simple observation it follows that R 0 = T0 and R1 = TT11

This is the case that creates double the capacity
ch1
ch
2
3
ch
ch4
Channel H
R0
R1
But suppose we create a

simple static channel like this:
How do we know if it will
provide capacity gain?
Channel H
0.8 0.2
0.3 -0.9

9 Oct 2007
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Page

The MIMO challenge: Recovering the signal

If all four channels are the
same the original signal cannot
be recovered since R0 = R1
R0 = T0 + T1 and R1 = T0 + T1
T0
ch1
ch
2
T1
3
ch
ch4
Channel H
R0
R1
But put in a phase inversion e.g. on ch3 we get:

R0 = T0 + T1 and R1 = T1 T0
thus T0 = (R0 - R1)/2 and T1 = (R0 + R1)/2
Channel H
The original signal is completely recovered even though the apparently unwanted ch2 and ch3 exist

9 Oct 2007
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Page
-1


So is the earlier example good or bad for MIMO?
R0 = 0.8 T0 + 0.3 T1
Channel H
0.8 0.2
R1 = 0.2 T0 - 0.9 T1
0.3 -0.9
Giving:
We can recover the original signal

T0 H= matrix
1.15other
R0 than
+ 0.39
R1matrix can be resolved PROVIDED there is no external
In fact any
the unity
or internal noise!
So what
of channels
robustR
to noise?
Tkinds
= 0.26
R -are1.03
1

9 Oct 2007
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Page


The receiver can untangle the two signals because it knows the coupling coefficients,
based on the reference signals, but reference estimation is susceptible to noise
But pilot estimation is susceptible to noise
If the estimate is wrong the recovered signal is impaired
Consider these equations for T0 from different channels:
Errors in T0 recovery happen due to estimation errors in the coefficients or large

coefficients amplifying noise N0 and N1
T0 = 1.15
(R0 H+toNpredict
(R1of+noise
N1) on signal recovery
It is possible to analyze
the matrix
the impact
0) + 0.39
T0 = 27.3 (R0 + N0) + 16.5 (R1 + N1)

9 Oct 2007
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Page

Condition Number Measures the short term

MIMO channel performance
R0 = 0.8 T0 + 0.3 T1
R1 = -0.9 T1 + 0.2 T0
= Condition number
0.957 / 0.815 = 1.17
The condition number is the ratio of the singular values of HH T

Channel H
Channel HT
0.8 0.2
0.8 0.3
0.3 -0.9
0.2 -0.9
Channel HTH
Eigenvalues
Singular values
0.73 -0.11
0.914
0.957
-0.11 0.85
0.666
0.815
The dB value of approximates the increase in SNR required

to recover the signal
9 Oct 2007
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Page

MIMO needs better SNR than SISO

High increases SNR requirements further
The extra SNR required to achieve the same recovered signal
quality as SISO rises as the condition number rises

9 Oct 2007
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Page

Ped. A Channel Condition Number vs. Freq.

Condition number and channel response across 10 MHz, 10 ms
0 dB

9 Oct 2007
Page 2020
Page

Impact of condition number frequency

dependency
The previous example of how the condition number varies across the
channel during one 10 ms frame and how the pattern varies a few frames
later depending on speed
This variability is both a challenge and an opportunity
OFDMA systems can transmit at different frequencies within the channel
to target that part of the channel offering the best MIMO gains
CDMA systems cannot do this and have to accept the average
performance across the channel

9 Oct 2007
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Page

Antenna influence on performance

The dynamic condition number example did not isolate effects from different components,
including the antenna
In real life, the instantaneous channel matrix H is made up from the interaction of three
components:
The static 3D antenna pattern of the transmitter
The dynamic multipath and Doppler characteristics of the radio channel
The static 3D antenna pattern of the receiver
The overall antenna contribution is the product of the transmit and receive antennas known as
the channel correlation matrix

9 Oct 2007
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Page

Antenna correlation
The correlation between antennas is a primarily a function of distance and polarization
For non polarized antennas the correlation decreases with larger separation in the y axis
- usually expressed in terms of wavelength

9 Oct 2007
Page 2323
Page

Examples of low and high antenna correlation

Spaced non polarized:
High correlation

9 Oct 2007
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Page
Compound spaced and

cross polarized:
Low correlation

Antenna correlation by type

AS =
Azimuth
Spread

9 Oct 2007
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Page

Generating the overall channel correlation

matrix
Transmit antenna correlation
Receive antenna correlation
The and terms are complex and will vary by frequency

The correlation matrix Rs is the Kronecker product RBS RMS

9 Oct 2007
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Page

Example channel correlation matrices

Cross polarized, UE (0, 90) BS (-45, 45), -8dB XPR ratio
Channels
balanced
Diagonal = 1
Cross polarized, UE (-10, 80) BS (-30, 60), -8dB XPR ratio
Channels
unbalanced
Not ideal
9 Oct 2007
Page 2727
Page

Computing the instantaneous channel

The complex instantaneous channel coefficients are obtained
by applying each path of the desired fading profile to each
channel of the correlation matrix
Ch 1
T0
ch1
ch
2
T1
3
ch
ch4
R0
R1
Ch 2
Ch 3
Ch 4
Ch 1
Ch 2
Ch 3
Ch 4
The received signals and condition number are dynamic in

both the time and frequency domains according to the
chosen fading profile
9 Oct 2007
Page 2828
Page

Real life performance
Variation in the
frequency
domain not
shown
Most macrocell
activity takes
place in this
region
Variation due to fading and variable interference
9 Oct 2007
Page 2929
Page

Precoding example for condition number 20 dB

Second stream is noise limited
No precoding
Channel quality
is unbalanced
Precoded with
1,1,-1,1 for
equal EVM

9 Oct 2007
Page 3030
Page

Agenda

9 Oct 2007
Page 3131
Page

LTE downlink transmission modes

3GPP TS 36.213 subclause 7.1
LTE has seven different downlink transmission modes:
1.Single-antenna port; port 0
SISO
2.Transmit diversity MISO
3.Open-loop spatial multiplexing MIMO no precoding
4.Closed-loop spatial multiplexing MIMO - precoding
5.Multi-user MIMO MIMO -separate UE
6.Closed-loop Rank=1 precoding MISO - beamsteering
7.Single-antenna port; port 5
MISO beamsteering
Each mode is suited to different channel and noise conditions

9 Oct 2007
Page 3232
Page

The LTE MIMO toolset

The LTE standard recognizes the complexity of the MIMO
channel and has developed a very flexible air interface
OFDMA allows for frequency-selective scheduling with 180
kHz and 1 ms granularity (one resource block)
Comprehensive channel state information
Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)
Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI) codebook based
Rank Indication (RI)
Subband reporting for CQI & PMI, RI is wideband only

Highly configurable reporting mechanisms to account for
different scenarios
The UE can select what subbands to report on
9 Oct 2007
Page 3333
Page

CQI definition
3GPP TS 36.213 Table 7.2.3-1
For each CQI reporting
period the UE is required
to return the highest CQI
index that would have
resulted in an error
probability of less than
10% for a single transport
block transmitted using
the reported modulation
and code rate.
Subband CQI reporting
can be configured down
to the resource block level

9 Oct 2007
Page 3434
Page
CQI index
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
modulation
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
16QAM
16QAM
16QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
code rate x 1024

out of range
78
120
193
308
449
602
378
490
616
466
567
666
772
873
948
efficiency
0.1523
0.2344
0.3770
0.6016
0.8770
1.1758
1.4766
1.9141
2.4063
2.7305
3.3223
3.9023
4.5234
5.1152
5.5547

PMI definition
3GPP TS 36.211 Table 6.3.4.2.3-1
For single stream
transmission the
precoding produces
beamsteering
For the 4 layer case
there are 16 entries
Subband PMI reporting
can be configured down
to the resource block
level

9 Oct 2007
Page 3535
Page

Agenda

9 Oct 2007
Page 3636
Page


The performance requirements for LTE are based on a
number of simplifications to real world operation
This often involves a modular approach of doing open loop
testing of parts of the functionality rather than a more end-toend approach
This is a bit like measuring engine performance and other
components rather than going for a test drive or a real track
The modular approach is useful and separates the test
equipment from the DUT but does not tell the whole story
The consequence is that conformance test results cannot be
easily mapped to real life conditions to predict typical
performance
9 Oct 2007
Page 3737
Page

MIMO conformance testing vs. real world

Attribute
Conformance testing
Real world operation
Correlation matrix
High, medium and zero not linked to reference

antenna design
Real correlation based on

actual antenna pattern
Fading channel
Extended PA, VA, TU
Channels with dynamic taps
Adaptive Modulation &

coding
Off UE becomes fading On coding aims for constant

channel discriminator
symbol to noise at UE receiver
CQI, PMI, RI
Separate open loop tests
Included as part of throughput
Cell-edge Interference
signal
Static wideband
Gaussian
Narrowband frequencyselective based on loading
Live antenna testing
Developing open loop

Over The Air proposals
Closed loop Real loading due

to body/hand effects
Scheduling
None, Single UE
Multiple UE, real scheduler with

frequency selectivity base on
subband CQI/PMI
Transmission mode
Fixed
Variable based on prevailing

conditions

9 Oct 2007
Page 3838
Page

Agenda

9 Oct 2007
Page 3939
Page


Most of the simplifications in conformance testing can be
overcome with alternative test methods to get closer to real
world performance
We will now look at a few of the possibilities

9 Oct 2007
Page 4040
Page

NEW N5106A PXB MIMO Receiver Tester

The flexibility of the PXB can be used to verify MIMO receiver
performance throughout the design cycle, at baseband or RF
Signal Inputs
Signal Creation Tools
Signal Outputs
Analog I/Q
Direct from PXB
Connect to any DUT or RF
vector signal generator
with analog I/Q inputs
Digital I/Q
N5102A
RF
RF
MXA
PXB
9 Oct 2007
Page 4141
Page
ESG or MXG
PXB creates real correlation based on reference

antenna designs
Rx antenna pattern, omni, 3 sector or 6 sector
Rx antenna #1 location
and polarization
Rx antenna #2 location
and polarization

9 Oct 2007
Page 4242
Page

Flexible Antenna Configuration and Correlation

Path 1
Path 2
In this example, there

are 6 paths, each with
complex cross
coupling coefficients
9 Oct 2007
Page 4343
Page
Path 6

PXB customizable fading simulation including

dynamic channel taps

9 Oct 2007
Page 4444
Page

Flexible MIMO test using SystemVue

TD-LTE or LTE-FDD MIMO Baseband data is
generated by SystemVue and sent to PXB
Flexible Fading applied by PXB
Two phase locked ESGs/MXGs driven by PXB
generate Receiver test signals for the DUT
Two MXAs capture received signals from DUT
output and send to SystemVue
SystemVue demodulates and decodes MIMO
signals to measure receiver performance
2xN9020A Signal Analyzer
2xE4438C Signal Gen
SystemVue
N5106A PXB
DUT

9 Oct 2007
Page 4545
Page

Modeling MIMO crosstalk in SystemVue

Specify LO Phase Noise
dBc/Hz @ Freq. Offset
Specify 1dB
Comp. Pt.

9 Oct 2007
Page 4646
Page

Measuring impact of crosstalk and phase noise

on demodulated MIMO streams
These measurement were made using the MIMO features of
the Agilent 89601A Vector Signal Analyzer which fully
integrates with the SystemVue design software
-29dB Tx0 / Rx1
QPSK
9 Oct 2007
Page 4747
Page
-29dB Tx0 / Rx1
64 QAM
Upcoming TOL webcast

For further information on SystemVue:
LTE MIMO System-Level Design and Test
5/27/2009
Greg Jue

9 Oct 2007
Page 4848
Page

Testing closed loop AMC with CQI, PMI and RI

with integral fading
Open loop testing with no AMC avoids having to define the

reference behaviour of the test equipment
However, it is still necessary to investigate closed loop
The E6620A wireless
communications test set is
designed to go beyond basic
conformance to test closed
loop MIMO up to 4x2
Central to this is the inclusion
E6620A Wireless Communications Test Se
of a baseband fading emulator
This solution is the basis for development of scheduling
algorithms and transmission mode selection criteria
9 Oct 2007
Page 4949
Page

Conclusion:
Making MIMO work and testing it is tough!
The standards are very flexible and complex
The conformance tests are simple and largely open loop with
corner case SNR and artificial correlation
Real life is way more complex
Real antennas
Real channels
Real schedulers with multiple UE per cell
Dynamic configuration for CSI reporting
Real TX/RX distortion impacting channel feedback
Non Gaussian frequency-selective cell-edge interference
But Agilent is here to help you clear the way for MIMO
9 Oct 2007
Page 5050
Page

LTE Lifecycle
LTE VSA SW
Logic Analyzers
Spectrum and signal

Analyzers, Scopes, LA
and ADS
Signal Studio
Battery Drain
& Scopes
Characterization
Signal
Generators
ADS and
SystemVue
PXB MIMO
Rx Tester
RDX for
DigRF v4
RF Module Development
RF Proto
Design
Simulation
RF Chip/Module
RF and BB
Design
Integration
L1/PHY
BTS and Mobile

BB Chipset Development
L1/PHY
FPGA and ASIC
N9912A RF
Analyzer
Spectrum Analyzers
DigRF v4
System
Design
PreConformance
Validation
System Level
RF Testing
BTS or
Mobile
Conformance
Manufacturing
Protocol Development
L2/L3
Agilent/Anite SAT
Protocol
Development
Toolset
E6620A Wireless
Communications Platform

9 Oct 2007
Page 5151
Page
Network Deployment
Systems for RF and

Protocol Conformance
Drive Test
Distributed Network
Analyzers

Finding MIMO: Dont stop now! Learn more at

www.agilent.com/find/MIMO and www.agilent.com/find/lte
LTE Brochure
(5989-7817EN)
The 3GPP MIMO song:

ftp.3gpp.org/tsg_ran/WG1_RL1/TSGR1_56/Docs/R1-091041.zip
PXB Brochure
(5989-8970EN)
MIMO Poster (5989-9618EN)
Webcasts
Webcastson
on
LTE
LTEConcepts
Concepts
LTE
Uplink
LTE Uplink
LTE
LTEDesign
Designand
andSimulation
Simulation
LTE
signaling
LTE signaling
9 Oct 2007
Page 5252
Page


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MIMO MIA!

or the different faces of MIMO!

Concepts of 3GPP LTE

Taking LTE MIMO from

Concepts of 3GPP LTE

Taking LTE MIMO from

Agilent LTE Book

Concepts of 3GPP LTE

Taking LTE MIMO from

Taking LTE MIMO from

Concepts of 3GPP LTE

Taking LTE MIMO from

Basic channel access modes

Single Input Single Output

Multiple Input Single

Single Input Multiple

Multiple Input Multiple Output

These three MIMO principles can seem complex to

Taking LTE MIMO from

Understanding MIMO spatial diversity through

Note, the combination of SIMO and MISO further improves

Taking LTE MIMO from

Understanding MIMO spatial diversity through

For MIMO to work:

Must have at least as many receivers as transmitted streams

Concepts of 3GPP LTE

Taking LTE MIMO from

Understanding MIMO precoding through Audio

Taking LTE MIMO from

Understanding MIMO precoding through Audio

Understanding MIMO Rank adaptation through

Taking LTE MIMO from

The role of channel correlation and noise in

Concepts of 3GPP LTE

Taking LTE MIMO from

So what makes a good channel for MIMO?

By simple observation it follows that R 0 = T0 and R1 = TT11

But suppose we create a

Concepts of 3GPP LTE

Taking LTE MIMO from

The MIMO challenge: Recovering the signal

But put in a phase inversion e.g. on ch3 we get:

Concepts of 3GPP LTE

Taking LTE MIMO from

The MIMO challenge: Recovering the signal

We can recover the original signal

Concepts of 3GPP LTE

Taking LTE MIMO from

The MIMO challenge: Recovering the signal

Errors in T0 recovery happen due to estimation errors in the coefficients or large

T0 = 27.3 (R0 + N0) + 16.5 (R1 + N1)

Concepts of 3GPP LTE

Taking LTE MIMO from

Condition Number Measures the short term

The condition number is the ratio of the singular values of HH T

The dB value of approximates the increase in SNR required

Taking LTE MIMO from

MIMO needs better SNR than SISO

Concepts of 3GPP LTE

Taking LTE MIMO from

Ped. A Channel Condition Number vs. Freq.

Concepts of 3GPP LTE

Taking LTE MIMO from