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FUNCTION
SHAPE
SHAPES FOR TENSION,
BENDING, TORSION,
BUCKLING
-------------------SHAPE FACTORS
-------------------PERFORMANCE INDICES
WITH SHAPE
MATERIAL
PROCESS
Change the
way
material
feels
Increase
mechanical
efficiency of
material
Axial
tension
Shape is not
important
Bending
I-Beam or Hollow
Box are better than
solid sections
Torsion
Shape Factors
Is a dimensionless number which
characterizes the efficiency of a section
shape in a given mode of loading
It does not depend on scale
Shape Factors :
Failure/Strength
Microscopics or Micro-structural
Shape Factors
At the beginning, an it
was only considered the
macroscopic shape on
the performance of fully
dense materials.
However materials can
have internal shape,
Micro-Shape which also
affects their
performance, e.g. cellular
solids, foams,
honeycombs.
SBo
Stiffness of the solid beam:
C1EoIo
L3
The second
moment of area
increases to
Fibres
embedded in
a foam matrix
ro
I r 4 o ro4 o Io
4
4
Prismatic cells
Concentric
cylindrical shells
with foam
between
Shape Factor: B
e
S o
So
Efficiency :
Kind of limits :
Empirical
Limits
There are practical
If failure by one
mechanism occurs
It is a
at a lower load
characteristic of
than all others,
shapes that
the section shape
approach their
can be adjusted to
limiting efficiency
suppress it; but
that two or more
this pushes the
failure modes
load upwards until
occur at almost
another
the same load.
mechanism
becomes
dominant.
2. Strength-Limited Design
A schematic of 4
quadrants chart
shows the
performance chart at
the lower left has the
same axes as before
A and and the
diagonal contours
again show the
metric of
performance: the
mass per unit length,
mlA, of the section