Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
of Endocrinology
Endocrine System:
Overview
Methods of Cell-to-Cell
Communication
Direct
cytoplasmic
transfer of
electrical
and
chemical
signals
Local chemical
communication
Paracrines
Autocrines
Gap junctions
or
Plasmodesmata
Long-distance
communication
Chemical
Electrical
AAgiven
givenmolecule
molecule
can
canfunction
functionas
asaa
signal
signalby
bymore
more
than
thanone
onemethod
method
http://biology.dbs.umt.edu/biol101/lecture/Westphal/westphal_chapter11
Endocrine System:
Overview
Local Signaling
Autocrine signaling
Paracrine
signaling
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Signals
What is endocrinology?
Endocrinology =
Intercellular Chemical Communication
Endocrinology is about communication
systems & information transfer.
What is a hormone?
A molecule that functions as a message within an organism;
its only function is to convey information.
Because of this function, physical descriptions of a chemical
thought to be a hormone are not adequate to indicate the
molecule's physiological role. A molecule is a hormone only
when described in the context of its role in a biological
communication system. Definition of a hormone requires
testing of that molecule in a biological response system,
running a bioassay.
Ultimately, the existence of endocrinology is dependent on
the existence & use of bioassays. (This is also true for
pharmacology & toxicology.)
Hormones
chemcases.com/olestra/
images/insulin.jpg
chem.pdx.edu/~wamserc/
ChemWorkshops/ gifs/W25_1.gif
Protein/Peptide Hormones
Hydrophilic
Large
Can't fit through membrane
Second messenger mechanism of action
Most hormones
Example: Insulin
Steroid Hormones
Small
Hydrophobic/Lipophilic
Travel in blood w/carrier
Cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors
change protein synthesis
Example: estradiol
Amine
Synthesized from a single
amino acid
Melatonin from
tryptophan
Thyroid hormone from
tyrosine
Catecholamines (EPI, DA)
from tyrosine
Eicosanoid
Produced from 20-carbon
fatty acid, arachadonic
acid
Produced in all cells
except RBCs
2nd messenger
Prostaglandins and
leukotrienes
inflammation
www.antiaging.com/images/ testosterone_decline.gif
Signal = Hormone
Nondestructive Medium = Serum & Hormone
Binders
Transducer = Transducer Proteins & 2 Messengers
Amplifier = Transducer/Effector Enzymes
Effector = Effector Proteins
Response = Cellular Response (2 Hormones)
Membrane Receptors
Imbedded in target cell membrane; integral proteins/
glycoproteins; penetrate through membrane
For protein & charged hormones (peptides or
What
are the main types of receptors?
neurotransmitters)
3 major groups: Serpentine = 7 transmembrane
domains, Growth factor/cytokine = 1 transmembrane
domain, Ion channels
Nuclear Receptors
Nuclear proteins that usually act in pairs & bind to
specific Hormone Recognition Elements (HREs) =
sequences on the DNA in the promoter regions of
target genes
For small, hydrophobic molecules (steroids, thyroid
hormones)
Mechanism of Hormone
Action
Hormone + Receptor
Signal
SignalTransduction
TransductionPathway
Pathway
Receptors are
located inside the
cell (nucleus or
cytosol), OR on the
cell membrane.
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 16.2a
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
G protein
G protein binds and activates a
phospholipase enzyme
Phospholipase splits the phospholipid PIP 2
into diacylglycerol (DAG) and IP3 (both act as
second messengers)
DAG activates protein kinases; IP3 triggers
release of Ca2+ stores
Ca2+ (third messenger) alters cellular
responses
Figure 16.2b
Steroid Hormones
Steroid Hormones
Figure 16..3
Interaction of Hormones at
Target Cells
Humoral Stimuli
Humoral Stimuli
Figure 16.4a
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Neural Stimuli
Preganglionic
sympathetic nervous
system (SNS) fibers
stimulate the adrenal
medulla to secrete
catecholamines
Figure 16.4b
Hormonal Stimuli
Hormonal Stimuli
Figure 16.4c
Biosintesis hormon
Hormon
peptide
Biosintesis
hormon
Hormo
n lipid
Synthesis of Thyroid
Hormone
Synthesis of Thyroid
Hormone
Figure 16.8
glucose
Under stress, the body needs more glucose
The hypothalamus and the sympathetic nervous
system are activated to supply ample glucose
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Structural Relationships:
Hypothalamus & Pituitary
Modified from R. Guillemin & R. Burgus (1972)
The hormones of the hypothalamus, Sci Am 227:24-33.
a248.e.akamai.net/.../pubs/mmanual_home/ illus/i144_1.gif
Hormone
A
c
r
o
n
y
m
Hypop
hysial
Cell
Type
Hypothalamic Regulator(s)
Hormonal Function(s)
Corticotropin,
Adrenocortic
otropin
A
C
T
H
Cortic
otrope
Thyrotropin,
Thyroid
Stimulating
Hormone
T
S
H
Thyrot
rope
Prolactin,
Mammotropin
, Luteotropin
P
R
L
Lactot
rope;
Mamm
otrope
Somatotropin
, Growth
Hormone
G
H
Somat
otrope
Follitropin,
Follicle
Stimulating
Hormone
F
S
H
Gonad
otrope
Lutropin,
Luteinizing
Hormone
L
H
Gonad
otrope
Melanotropin,
Melanocyte
Stimulating
Hormone
M Melan
S otrope
H
+ CRH
Pituitary-Hypothalamic
Relationships:
Posterior
The posteriorLobe
lobe is a downgrowth of
Pituitary-Hypothalamic
Relationships:
Anterior
Lobe
Adenophypophyseal
Hormones
Activity of the
Adenophypophysis
Activity of the
Adenophypophysis
Figure 16.6
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
(Corticotropin)
Gonadotropins
Functions of Gonadotropins
In females
Functions
of
Gonadotropins
In males
Prolactin (PRL)
Oxytocin
Oxytocin
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland
Figure 16.7
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Thyroid Hormone
TH is concerned with:
Glucose oxidation
Increasing metabolic rate
Heat production
Calcitonin
Calcitonin
Parathyroid Glands
Parathyroid Glands
Figure 16.10a
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Effects of Parathyroid
Hormone
Effects of Parathyroid
Hormone
Figure 16.11
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Cortex
Figure 16.12a
Mineralocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Figure 16.13
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
Cortisol provokes:
Excessive Levels of
Glucocorticoids
Gonadocorticoids (Sex
Hormones)
Adrenal Medulla
PLAY
Adrenal Medulla
Figure 16.15
Pancreas
Glucagon
Insulin
mic effects
of glucagon
and the
hypoglycem
ic effects of
insulin
Figure 16.17
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 16.18
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Gonads: Female
Gonads: Male
Pineal Gland
Day/night cycles
Physiological processes that show rhythmic
variations (body temperature, sleep,
appetite)
Thymus
Other Hormone-Producing
Structures
Other Hormone-Producing
Structures
Developmental Aspects
Developmental Aspects
Developmental Aspects
Developmental Aspects