Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Electroanalytical Chemistry
Electroanalytical Chemistry
Electroanalytical Chemistry...
It encompasses a group of quantitative
analytical methods that are based upon
the electrical properties of a solution of
the analyte when it is made part of an
electrochemical cell.
Why Electroanalytical
Chemistry?
Electroanalytical methods have certain advantages over
other analytical methods. Electrochemical analysis allows
for the determination of different oxidation states of an
element in a solution, not just the total concentration of the
element.
Electroanalytical techniques are capable of producing
exceptionally low detection limits and an abundance of
characterization information including chemical kinetics
information. The other important advantage of this
method is its low cost.
Galvanic Electrochemical
Cell with Salt Bridge
History
Polarography was first discovered by a
czechoslovavian chemist by the name of
Heyrovsky in 1920. He won the Nobel
prize for it in 1959. He proposed that the
current recording generated by a
oxidation or reduction in a cell as the A.P.
is continuously increased:
Oxidizing Agent + ne Reduction
Oxygen Probe
A.P. 650 mV Ag|AgCl
Reactions:
O2 + 2H2O + 4e- 4OH4Ag + 4Cl- 4AgCl + 4e-
Hydrogen Probe
A.P. +650 mV
Reactions:
H2O2 O2 +2H+ +2e2Ag+ + 2e- 2Ag
Daniell Cell
This cell is based on the overall reaction
[Cu(OH2)6]2+(aq) + Zn --> Cu + [Zn(OH2)6]2+(aq)
and functions by dissolution of Zn from the anode
and deposition of Cu at the cathode. It is therefore
very simply represented as
Zn | [Zn(OH2)6]2+(aq) || [Cu(OH2)6]2+(aq) | Cu
or just as
Zn | Zn(II)(aq) || Cu(II)(aq) | Cu
Galvanic Cells
A galvanic cell consists
of at least two half cells,
a reduction cell and an
oxidation cell. Chemical
reactions in the two half
cells provide the energy
for the galvanic cell
operations. The
reactions always run
spontaneously in the
direction that produced
a positive cell potential
Voltaic Cells
A voltaic cell is an
electrochemical cell that
external electrical current flow
can be created using any two
different metals since metals
differ in their tendency to lose
electrons. Zinc more readily
electrons than copper, so
placing zinc and copper metal
in solutions of their salts can
cause electrons to flow through
an external wire which leads
from the zinc to the copper.
The following is a diagram of a
voltaic cell.
Reactions at Cathodes
Electrons supplied by external circuit via an
inert electrode (platinum or gold)
Some examples are:
Cu2+ + 2e- <=> Cu(s)
Fe3+ + e- <=> Fe2+
2H+ + 2e- <=> H2(g)
AgCl(s) + e- <=> Ag(s) + Cl-
Concentration Cells
A concentration cell is an
electrochemical cell in which
the electrode couple at both
electrodes is the same but the
concentrations of substances
at the two electrodes may
differ. The potential
difference across a
concentration cell can be
calculated using the Nernst
equation.
Cell Potential
LCEC...
LCEC:
References:
http://www.anachem.umu.se/jumpstation.htm
http://userwww.service.emory.edu/~kmurray/mslist.html
http://www.anachem.umu.se/jumpstation.htm
http://www.acs.org
http://www.chemcenter/org
http://www.sciencemag.org
http://www.kerouac.pharm.uky.edu/asrg/wave/wavehp.html