Chapter 16 & 17

Introduction and Applications of

Infrared Spectrometry

DEFINITION OF INFRARED
SPECTROMETRY...

The absorption of light as it passes

through a medium varies linearly
with the distance the light travels
and with concentration of the
absorbing medium.

THEORY OF INFRARED
ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY...
Like in all spectometries, IR excites the
analyte to be studied and gets a
measurement of the changes. These
changes can be related to the type of
analyte being observed. The source of this
excitation is of course infrared radiation.
The Infrared spectral regions are as follows:

Region

Wavelength Range, um

Wavenumber Range,cm-1

Frequency Range, Hz

Near

0.78-2.5

12800-4000

3.8x1014-1.2x1014

Middle

2.5-50

4000-200

1.2x1014-6.0x1012

Far

50-1000

200-10

6.0x1012-3.0x1011

Most used

2.5-15

4000-610

1.2x1014-2.0x1013

Sources...
.The Nernst Glower Rare earth oxides in a cylinder
shape. When electricity is run through it, it results in
temperatures between 1200 K and 2200 K.
.The Globar Source Silicon carbide rod, has
positive coefficient of resistance.
.Incandescent Wire Source Tightly wound
spiral of nichrome.
.The Mercury Arc For far-infrared region of
the spectrum
.The Tungsten Filament Lamp good for nearinfrared region
.The Carbon Dioxide Laser Source Good for
quantitative work

Transducers...
Thermal Transducers Response based upon
heating effect of radiation are employed for detection
of all but the shortest infrared wavelengths.
Thermocouples A potential develops between
two plates of metal, a low-impedance device.
Bolometers Resistance thermometer made
from strips of metal.
Pyroelectric Transducers A crystalline wafer
of pyroelectric material that polarizes when an
electric field is applied.
Photoconducting Transducers Thin film of a
semiconductor material that absorbs radiation.

INFRARED INSTRUMENTS...
Three main types
Dispersive grating spectrophotometers,
qualitative.
Multiplex instruments, like Fourier
transform, for both quantitative and
qualitative work.
Nondispersive spectrophotometers,
quantitative.

Applications of IR...
The applications of infrared
spectrometry can be split into three
main areas:
.Near-infrared 4,000 to 14,000 cm -1
.Mid-infrared 670 to 4,000 cm-1
.Far- infrared less than 670 cm-1

Types Of Samples
Gas in an evacuated cylinder
Solutions
Dissolved in solvents
Liquid in cell
Solids
Pellets
Mulls

Mid-Infrared Absorption Spectrometry...

Mid-infrared absorption and reflection

spectrometry are major tools for
determining the structure of organic and
biochemical species.

- dPx/Px = dS/S

Qualitative Analysis...
The mid-infrared region is further
broken down into the group frequency
region(1,280 to 5,000 cm -1) and the
fingerprint region (670 to 1,280 cm -1).

Quantitative Applications...
Quantitative infrared absorption methods
differ somewhat from UV/VIS molecular
spectroscopic methods because of the
greater complexity of the spectra, the
narrowness of the absorption bands, and the
instrumental limitations of infrared
instruments. Quantitative data obtained with
dispersive infrared instruments are generally
poorer in quality to data obtained with UV/VIS
spectrophotometers.

Internal Working of a Spectrometer...

Figure: Illustration of the primary and secondary beams from

a sample in a IR spectrometer.

Illustration of Electronic Transitions...

Binding Energy of Different Elements...

References...
http://www.acs.org
http://www.cas.org
http://www.chemcenter/org
http://www.sciencemag.org
http://www.kerouac.pharm.uky.edu/asrg/wave/waveh
p.html