Session Objectives

1) Recognize the use of descriptive statistics in the

utilization of organized data;
2) Define mean, median, mode
2) Calculate the mean, median and mode; and
3) Identify the different properties of the measures of
central tendency

Activity/Analysis
Plenary:
Scenario: The principal of the school is
asking you in a teachers meeting the best
class among 8 classes in your learning area.
How will you respond to your principal?
What are the means of verification that you
need to present in justifying your claim?

Descriptive Statistics
are

numerical representations of how a group of

pupils performed on a test.
are
briefdescriptivecoefficients
that
summarize a given data set, which can be either
a representation of the entire population or a
sample of it.
are broken down into measures of central
tendency and measures of variability, or spread.

Measures of Central Tendency

describes the most typical behavior of a group.
These are numerical descriptive measures
which indicate or locate the center of a
distribution or data set.

The Three Measures

1. Mean
2. Median
3. Mode

Mean
the most commonly used
measure of central
tendency.It is used when
the distribution is normal
Also referred to as the
arithmetic average.

How to Compute Mean for

Ungrouped Data
-Since we have the raw data,
mean is given by the formula:

Where:
-(the uppercase Greek letter sigma) refers to summation,

X - refers to the individual value

n - is the number of observations in the sample
(sample size).

Example:
X1= 10, X2= 12, X3= 15, X4= 18 and X5=
20

75
X
15
n
5

How to compute Mean

for Grouped Data
Formula:

Where:
f is the frequency
X is the midpoint of the class interval
n is the number of observations.

Example
(1)

(2)

(3)

fx

1
2
3
6
8
17
26
11
2
N = 76

47
42
37
32
27
22
17
12
7

47
84
111
192
216
374
442
132
14
fx = 1612

Class Interval

45 49
40 44
35 39
30 34
25 29
20 24
15 19
10 14
59

fx

x
N

1612

76

x 21.21

Median
- The median is that point below
which 50% of the scores fall and
which 50% is above. It is used
when a distribution departs
from normal and to avoid the
undue influence of the extreme
scores.

How to Compute
Median for
Ungrouped
Data
One should first order the data
from lowest to highest. The median
is determined by finding either the
middle element in the data or the
average
of
the
middle
two
elements, depending on whether
there are an odd or even number of
elements in the data.

Example 1 (Odd):
10, 12, 18, 20, 15
thus
10, 12, 15, 18, 20 the median is 15
the middle score.

Example 2(Even):
21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30
Median is 24.5 the average of the
two middle scores 24 and 25.

How to Compute Median

for Grouped Data
Formula:

cf m

i
Median( M ) Lm
d
fm

Where:
Md = median
Lm = lower bound of the range of the median
n
= number of samples overall
cfm = cumulative frequency of all cell below Lm
fm = frequency of median cell
i
= cell interval

Example
Class Interval
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9

Frequency of median cell

f
1
2
3
6
8
17
26
11
2
N=76
Table 2

cf
76
75
73
70
64
56
39
13
2

c%
100
98.7
96.1
92.1
84.2
73.7
51.3
17.1
2.6

median cell

cf m

i
Median( M ) Lm
d
fm

76
13
2
14.5
*5
26

= 19.31

Mode
Score
which
occurs
most
frequently. Mode would be that
score which is most fashionable or
the one received by the most
pupils. Note that a set of scores
can have two or more modes.
Such distribution of scores
are
referred to as being bimodal,
trimodal or multimodal.

Mode for
Ungrouped Data
An observation occurring
most frequently in the data is
called mode of the data.

Mode
Example: Scores of 10 students in
Section A, Section B and Section C.
Scores of
Section A

Scores of
Section B

Scores of
Section C

25

25

25

24

24

25

24

24

25

20

20

22

20

18

21

20

18

21

16

17

21

12

10

18

10

18

18

Table 3

Mode
The score that appeared most in Section A is 20,
hence, the mode of Section A is 20. There is only one
mode, therefore, score distribution is called
unimodal.
The modes of Section B are 18 and 24, since both
18 and 24 appeared twice. There are two modes in
Section B, hence, the distribution is a bimodal
distribution.

The modes for Section C are 18, 21, and 25.

There are three modes for Section C, therefore,
it is called a trimodal or multimodal distribution.

Mode for
Grouped Data
For grouped data, class
mode (or, modal class) is
the class with the highest
frequency.

Mode Grouped Data

FORMULA:

Where:

mo

is the lower boundary of class mode

- is the difference between the frequency of class

mode
and the frequency of the class before the class
mode
- is the difference between the frequency of class
mode and the frequency of the class after the class
mode

Class Interval
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9

f
1
2
3
6
8
17
26
11
2
N=76

cf
76
75
73
70
64
56
39
13
2

c%
100
98.7
96.1
92.1
84.2
73.7
51.3
17.1
2.6
Frequency after
the class mode

Frequency of class
mode
Frequebcy before
the class mode

Example: Using Table 2

26 11
5
14.5
(26 11) (26 17)
15
14.5
5
24

17.625

Characteristics of the Mean

1. It is the center of gravity or

balance point of the scores
2. It is easily affected by the
magnitudes of the scores
3. It is the most reliable among the
measures of central tendency

Uses of the mean

1. when the average of the scores is wanted.
2. when the center of gravity of the scores is
desired
3. when it is desired that every score has an
effect upon the measure of central tendency
4. when the most reliable measure of central
tendency is needed
5. when the group from whom the scores have
been derived is more or less homogeneous, the
mean is not realistic if the group is
heterogeneous
6. Other statistical measures in which the
mean is involved such as standard deviation, tratio, critical ratio, etc. are computed.

Characteristics of the Median

1. The median computed from ungrouped scores

is called a crude, rough or counting median; from
a class frequency distribution, refined, median.
2. The median is a midpoint of a scale and so it
theoretically divides a scaled group into two equal
parts,
3. The median is the most stable measure of
central tendency because it is not affected by the
magnitude of the scores.
4. The value of the median depends upon the
magnitude of the middle most score(s). If the
middle most score(s) is high the median is high, if
it is low, the median is low.

Uses of the Median

1. It is used when the exact midpoint of a scale
distribution is needed
2. when a group with a quantified scaled
characteristic, for example ability, is to be divided
into
2 equal subgroups
3. when a stable measure of central tendency is
needed
4. when a group is too heterogeneous, that is, there
are extremely high scores of the group and there are
extremely low scores.
5. when a class frequency distribution is badly
skewed

Characteristics and uses of the Crude Mode

1. When a group of scores has two different

scores with the same highest frequency, the
group is said to be bi-modal, if there are other
scores, the group is said to be tri-modal, etc.
2. Mode is not a stable measure of central
tendency
3. It is computed when a quick method of
computing the most typical and approximate
measure of central tendency is all that is
needed.

Application
Mark operates Technology Titans, a Web
site service that employs 8 people. Find
the mean age of his workers if the ages
of the employees are as follows:
55, 63, 34, 59, 29, 46, 51, 41

Stephen has been working on programing

and updating a Web site for his company
for the past 15 months. The following
numbers represent the number of hours
Stephen has worked on this Web site for
each of the past 7 months:
24, 25, 31, 50, 53, 66, 78
What is the mean (average) number of
hours that Stephen worked on this Web
site each month?

Find the median of the following data:

7, 9, 3, 4, 11, 1, 8, 6, 1, 4

Find the mode of the following data:

76, 81, 79, 80, 78, 83, 77, 79, 82, 75

Thank you!!!