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Image of the night sky above Paranal on 21 July 2007, taken by ESO
astronomer Yuri Beletsky. A wide band of stars and dust clouds,
spanning more than 100 degrees on the sky, is seen.
This is the Milky Way, the Galaxy we belong to.
At the centre of the image, two bright objects are visible. The
brightest is the planet Jupiter, while the other is the star Antares.
The laser points directly at the Galactic Centre.
A view of the
Milky Way toward
the constellation
Sagittarius
(including the
Galactic Center)
as seen from an
area not polluted
by light (the
Black Rock Desert
, Nevada)
Schematic
profile of
the Milky
Way
Artist's conception
of the spiral
structure of the
Milky Way with
two major stellar
arms
BrightX-ray
flares from
Sagittarius A*,
location of the
supermassive bl
ack hole
at the center
of the Milky
Way.
Diagram of the
stars in the
Solar
neighborhood.
Bintang
Kelompok Tempatan
KELOMPOK TEMPATAN
Diagram
of the
galaxies
in the
Local Gr
oup
relative
to the
Milky
Way
Alpha
Centuri :
bintang
terdekat
Sebenarnya
dipercayai terdiri
dari sistem 3
bintang.
Walaupun
kelihatan seperti
satu bintang
Evolusi bintang
Bila lihat angkasa pada waktu malam
terdapat ruang gelap antara
bintang2. Ini adalah medium
interstellar yang terdiri dari gas dan
debu.
Nebula (Latin: "awan") merupakan
awan antara bintang yang terdiri
daripada debu dan gas.
Nebula
Pelepasan
Nebula Pantulan
Nebula Gelap
Nebula gelap terhasil apabila awan
interstelar @pengumpulan yang tepu
(dense) sehingga mengaburkan
cahaya bintang di belakang.
Tidak ada bintang berhampiran yang
boleh terujakan awan dan debu dan
juga memantulkan cahaya.
Kelahiran bintang
Apabila melihat anda sesuatu
bintang, sudah pasti bintang itu juga
dilihat oleh ibubapa anda, datuk,
moyang anda seolah bintang tidak
berubah dan sentiasa berada disitu.
Hakikatnya bintang dilahirkan dan
mati dan bukan bersifat eternal.
Cuma dalam kehidupan manusia (in
our life time) kita jarang dapat
menyaksikan perubahan ini.
Dari nebula ke
protostar
Protostar adalah
bintang muda iaitu satu
jisim yang besar dihasilkan oleh pengecutan
awan dan gas di medium interstellar.
Matahari kita mengambil masa 30 juta tahun
untuk menjadi bintang sekarang (main
sequence star) . Jika jisim bintang lebih kecil
masa lebih lama. Jika jisim lebih cepat masa
lebih cepat.
Fasa protostellar adalah fasa permulaan dalan
proses kelahiran bintang.
Pengecutan menjadikan inti tumpat dan panas
dan mula menyerupai bintang dimana boleh
mengeluarkan radiasi infra merah namum
belum cukup panas untuk menghasilkan
Dari nebula ke
protostar
Formula pelakuran
nuklear
The Proton-Proton
Chain:
Bintang Kerdil
Bintang sebelah bawah main
sequence mempunyai beberapa
persamaan iaitu berjisim rendah.
Apabila kehabisan tenaga nuklear,
oleh kerana gravitinya tidak begitu
besar maka ia tidak menjadi begitu
panas.
Kerdil merah
Lebih kuran 0.4 jisim matahari
Hidup lebih lama dari matahari
Model bagi 0.1 jisim matahari
menunjukkan kerdil merah
mengambil masa 2 billion tahun
untuk menjadi bintang main
sequence dan 6000 biliion tahun
untuk ia kehabisan hidrogennya.
Rajah Hertzsprung-Russel
(HR)menunjukkan
HR diagram bukannya
kedudukan bintang dicakerawala.
Ia menunjukkan 1. Jenis2 bintang samada
kerdil putih, main sequence, gergasi, super
gergasi. 2 sifat2 bintang tertentu iaitu
disegi kecerahan (luminousity) dan
kepanasan (Suhu)
Bintang yang paling panas terletak
disebelah atas kiri.
Bintang yang kurang jelas (faint) terletak di
sebelah bawah.
Bintang yang sejuk di sebelah kanan.
Bintang yang cerah di sebelah baris atas HR
diagram.
Saiz bintang yang dipapar TIDAK mengikut
H layer
Nuclear fusion
Envelope
Expands because of
increased energy production
Cools because of increased
surface area
Mass Matters.
If the star is about the same mass as the Sun, it will
turn into awhite dwarfstar.
If it is somewhat more massive, it may undergo a
supernova explosion and leave behind aneutron star.
But if the collapsing core of the star is very great-at
least three times themassof the Sun-nothing can stop
the collapse. The central part of the star - the entire
star if the star is massive enough - implodes to form
an infinite gravitational warp in space called a
black hole.
The brightest X-ray sources in our galaxy are the
remnants of massive stars that have undergone a
catastrophic collapse-neutron stars and black holes.
Other powerful sources of X-rays are supernova
remnants - giant bubbles of hot gas produced by
exploding stars.
Lohong Hitam
Lohong hitam merupakan satu
kawasan ruang masa di mana graviti
menghalang apa-apa yang maujud,
termasuk cahaya, dari melarikan diri.
The gravity is so strong because
matter has been squeezed into a tiny
space. This can happen when a star is
dying. Because no light can get out,
people can't seeblack holes.
Black holes are the cold remnants of former stars, so dense that no
matternot even lightis able to escape their powerful gravitational
pull.
While most stars end up aswhite dwarfsorneutron stars, black holes
are the last evolutionary stage in the lifetimes of enormous stars that had
been at least 10 or 15 times as massive as our own sun.
When giant stars reach the final stages of their lives they often detonate
in cataclysms known assupernovae. Such an explosion scatters most of
a star into the void of space but leaves behind a large "cold" remnant on
which fusion no longer takes place.
In younger stars, nuclear fusion creates energy and a constant outward
pressure that exists in balance with the inward pull of gravity caused by
the star's own mass. But in the dead remnants of a massive supernova,
no force opposes gravityso the star begins to collapse in upon itself.
With no force to check gravity, a budding black hole shrinks to zero
volumeat which point it is infinitely dense. Even the light from such a
star is unable to escape its immense gravitational pull. The star's own
light becomes trapped in orbit, and the dark star becomes known as a
black hole.
Black holes pull matter and even energy into themselvesbut no more
so than other stars or cosmic objects of similar mass. That means that a
black hole with the mass of our own sun would not "suck" objects into it
any more than our own sun does with its own gravitational pull
BURUJ : Constellations
Buruj ialah konstelasi
atau gugusan bintangbintang merupakan
kawasan yang
dinyatakan di seluruh
daripada sfera
cakerawala. Dalam
kawasan-kawasan ini
corak tertentu terbentuk
oleh bintang-bintang
dengan kedekatan
antara satu sama lain di
langit malam Bumi.
Constellations are now
defined by the IAU as 88
areas of the sky. They usually
Constellation Orion
Naked eye view of bright
stars
In Orion
Asterisms vs.
Constellations
Asterism - Easily
recognizable pattern of
stars.
Can be within a
constellation
(e.g., Big Dipper in
Ursa Major)
OR
From more than one
constellation
(e.g., Summer Triangle
one star each from
Lyra, Cygnus and
Aquila)
Centaurus
Figure 1-10
Figure 1-14
Winter Sky
Figure 1-15
WINTER
SPRING
SUMME
R
Ecliptic
FALL
App.
Mag.
d*
Spectr
al
class
Abs.
Mag.
intang terdekat
Star Naming
Johann Bayer designated the brighter stars in each
constellation by a Greek letter.
Stars lettered in order of brightness
usually being the brightest and usually the
faintest
John Flamsteed numbered the stars visible to the
naked eye from west to east across the
constellation.
His systematic method was to name a star by
using a letter or number followed by the Latin
name of the constellation.