Wind and Ice Load Calculations for GeNex Frame

By: Lava Kumar

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AGENDA

Introduction to wind and ice loading

Standards

Overview of different cases

Understanding case 1 and its factors

Projected area and load calculation for case 1

Understanding case 2

Projected area and load calculation for case 2

Load calculation for case 3

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Introduction to Wind and Ice Loading

Wind Load :
The force on the structure arising due to impact of wind on it.
Ice Load:
The addition stress that acts on the structure because of accumulation of ice on
the structure.

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Standards

National Electric Safety Code (NESC C2-2007)

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE 7 2002)

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE C37.60-2012).

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Classification of cases

Case 1 : Extreme Wind Loading ( Ice Thickness is Zero)

Case 2 : Ice Loading ( Ice Thickness = 1 in = 25.4mm)

Case 3 : Extreme ice with concurrent wind loading

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CASE 1 :
Extreme Wind Loading (Ice thickness zero)

Load in pounds = 0.00256 * Kz * Grf * Cf * I * (V^2) * A (NESC C2-2007)

Load in pounds = 0.00256 * Kz * Kzt * Kd * I * (V^2) * Grf * Cf * A

(ASCE 7-2002 )

Wind Load depends on

1) Wind Speed (V)
2) Velocity Exposure Coefficient (Kz)
3) Topographic Factor (Kzt)
4) Directionality Factor (Kd)
5) Gust Effect Factor (Grf)
6) Force Coefficient (Shape Factor) (Cf)
7) Importance Factor (I)
8) Projected Area (A)

Assumed Front View of the Recloser unit will encounter maximum wind load.

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1. Wind speed (V)

Wind speed is considered to be 34 m/s (76 miles/hr.) as per IEEE C37.60

-2012 Standard.

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2. Velocity Pressure Coefficient (Kz)

This factor will consider the effect of height at which the equipment is mounted
and the exposure of it.
There are 4 types of exposure category

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Calculation of Kz1,2
Kz = 2.01*(z / zg)(2/)

for 15ft z zg.

Kz = 2.01*(15 / zg)(2/) for z < 15ft.

z : Height
zg : Gradient Height, height above ground where surface friction has negligible
effect on wind speed
Exposure

Zg

1500

1200

900

700

9.5

11.5

For Exposure Category C and height (z) = 55ft.

Kz = 2.01*(55/900)(2/9.5) = 1.1
Z

1 : NESC C2-2007
2: ASCE 7-2002

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3. Importance factor (I)

It is measure of protection required for the building or other structures. The

Importance Factor is a multiplier that increases or decreases the base design
loads.
Its value is as given in the table

The value for Utility Structure and supported facilities is 1[1],[2].

1: NESC C2-2007
2: ASCE 7-2002

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4. Gust response (effect) factor (Grf)

This factor accounts for the load effects due to wind turbulence and dynamic
amplification of flexible structures and cables.
Grf =[1+ (2.7 * Es * Bs0.5 )]/kv2

Es : Structure exposure Factor

= 0.346(33/h)1/7
Bs : (Dimensionless term corresponding to the quasi static wind load on structure)
Bs = 1/[1+(0.56*h)/220]
kv = 1.43
For height, h = 55ft.
Es = 0.346(33/55) ^(1/7)
= 0.321
Bs = 1/[1+(0.56*55)/220]
= 0.877
Grf = [1+(2.7*0.321*0.8770.5)]/1.432 = 0.88 [1]

Gust effect factor for rigid structures is 0.85[2]

1 : NESC C2-2007
2 : ASCE 7-2002

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5. Topographic Factor (Kzt )

This factor reflects the topographic effect in the change of wind speed.
Kzt = (1+ K1 * K2 * K3 )2

K1 = This factor accounts for shape of topographic feature and max. speed

K2 = This factor accounts for reduction of speed up with distance upwind and
downwind of crest.

K3 = This factor accounts for reduction in speedup with height above local
terrain.
Taking maximum values of K1,K2,K3 for calculation Kzt.
K1 = 0.72 ; K2 = 1; K3 = 1
Kzt = (1+0.72*1*1)^2
= 2.958[2]

1 : NESC C2-2007
2: ASCE 7-2002

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6. Directionality Factor (Kd)

This factor accounts for
1) Reduced probability of maximum winds coming from any given direction
2) Reduced probability of max pressure coefficient occurring in given wind
direction
According to ASCE C7-2002 Kd = 0.95[2] .

1 : NESC C2-2007
2: ASCE 7-2002

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7. Force Coefficient (Cf)

Basically Drag Coefficient and depends on the shape of the structure.

The value of Cf is
Cf = 3.2[1] (for the square or rectangle lattice structures having flat surface
members).
Cf = 2[2] (for open signs or lattice frameworks having flat members)

1 : NESC C2-2007
2: ASCE 7-2002

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Calculation of Projected Area of the GeNeX Mark 4 Recloser

Unit on the Front Plane

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15

Calculation of Projected Areas

Recloser (M4 GeNex) Projected area = 290 sq.in
Total projected area of 3 reclosers = 290*3 = 870sq.in = 6.04 sq.ft

Surge arrester (38 kV) projected area = 46.33 sq.in

Total projected area of 3 surge arresters = 46.33*3 =139sq.in = 0.964 sq.ft

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16

Calculation of Projected Areas

Projected area of Potential Transformer (38 kV) = 312 sq.in
Total projected area of 2 PTs = 312*2 = 624 sq.in = 4.33 sq.ft

Projected area of Frame = 555 sq.in = 3.852 sq.ft

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Calculation of Wind Load

Total Projected Area = 15.186 sq.ft

Load (lbf) = 0.00256 * Kz * Grf * Cf * I * (V^2) * A (NESC C2-2007)

= 0.00256*1.1*0.88*3.2*1*76^(2)*15.186
= 695.5 lbf

Load (lbf) = 0.00256 * Kz * Kzt * Kd * I * (V^2) * Grf * Cf * A (ASCE 7-2002)

= 0.00256 *1.1*2.958*0.95*1*76^(2)*0.85*2*15.186
= 1179.5 lbf

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CASE 2:
Ice Loading

Density of ice = 57 lb./cubic ft.

Thickness of ice considered = 1in = 25.4 mm = 0.083 ft.(IEEE C37.60Ice load in pounds = 57*0.083*A = 4.73*A
Projected area on the top view is considered in case of ice loading.

Recloser(Mark 4 GeNex) Projected area = 357.46 sq.in

Total Area of 3 reclosers = 357.46*3= 1072.38sq.in = 7.44sq.ft

RECLOSER TOP VIEW

TOP VIEW

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Calculation of Projected Areas of GeNex Mark 4 Recloser

Unit on Top plane

Surge arrester(38kV) Projected area = 19sq.in

6 Surge arresters projected area = 19 * 6 =144 sq.in = 0.79 sq.ft

Potential transformer(38kV) projected area = 132.06 sq.in

2 PTs total projected area = 132.06*2=264.12 sq.in = 1.83 sq.ft

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Calculation of Projected Areas and Load

Projected area of Frame on top view = 704.45sq.in = 4.88 sq.ft

Total Projected Area = 14.94 sq.ft

Ice load in pounds = 4.73*A = 70.68 lbs.

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CASE 3:
Extreme Ice with concurrent wind loading:

According to NESC C2-2007 according to Rule 250D

Wind Speed to Pressure conversion :
Wind Sped
(mph)
30
40
50
60

Horizontal Wind
Pressure (lb./ft^2)
2.3
4
6.4
9.2

For wind speed = 76mph, Pressure = 14.64 lb/sq.ft

10
f(x) = 0x^2 - 0.02x + 0.3

Pressure
(lb/sq.ft)

pressure
(lb/sq.ft)
Polynomial (pressure
(lb/sq.ft))

6
4
2
0
25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

Wind Speed
(mph)

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Calculation of Total Load

Therefore for calculating Extreme Ice load with Concurrent Wind loading,
we assume wind is blowing normal to frontal area of the recloser unit.
Wind load = Pressure * Projected area on front view
= 14.64 *A = 14.64*15.186 = 222.3 lbs

Total Load = Wind load + Ice Load

= 222.3 + 70.68 = 293 lbs.

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