Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Compounds (VOCs)
Hsin Chu
Professor
Dept. of Environmental Engineering
National Cheng Kung University
1
10
13
Example 1
Solution:
From Fig. 10.1, we find
pi
0.023 atm
yi xi
1.00
0.023 2.3%
P
1 atm
14
Example 2
Solution:
From Fig. 10.1, the vapor pressures of
benzene and toluene at 68oF are about 1.5
and 0.4 psia, respectively.
15
16
B
T
(2)
Example 3
Solution:
B
B
and log 18.93 A
(329 460)
(700 460)
5617.6
4.5195
(68 460)
20
21
2. VOCs
3. Control by Prevention
3.1 Substitution
32
expelled
from
the
tank
VOC
in
that
mix
mi Vci
(3)
yi M i
Vmolar , gas
(4)
35
mi
xi pi M i P
xi pi M i
V
P
RT
RT
(5)
36
Example 4
37
Solution:
Using the benzene vapor pressure from Example 2,
mi
x pM
1.0 1.45 psia 78 lb / lbmol
i i i
V
RT
(10.73 psi ft 3 / lbmol / o R )(528 o R )
0.020 lb benzene / ft 3 vapor 0.32 kg benzene / m 3 vapor
0.020 lb benzene / ft 3
-4
3.7
10
0.037% #
3
54 lb benzene / ft
38
Example 5
Solution:
vapor
exp
elled
increase in
increase in
increase
in
vapor volume
liquid
volume
tank
volume
(6)
dV
vapor
liquid tank dT
Vtank
V exppelled Vtank
(7)
1.9
10
/ F
o
dT P T 528 R
V expelled
1.23 10 3 / o F dT
43
expelled
V
tan k
Vvapor
V
tan
benzene final
- ybenzene initial
(8)
14.7 psia
ft of tank
45
ft 3
0.115 3
ft
of
tank
lb benzene
0.0023 3
ft of tank
0.020
lb benzene
ft 3
#
46
0.0023
lb benzene
lb benzene
breathing
loss
per
day
10
days
0.02
filling loss
ft 3 of tank
ft 3 vapor
47
Solution:
Combining Eqs. (3) and (8),
mi ciVair added to tank ybenzene final - ybenzene initial
(9)
0.5
( ybenzene final )( M )
(Vmolar , gas )
benzene final
xi2 pi2 M
0.5
PRT
Example 7
Solution:
0.063 lb gasoline / ft 3
3
1.34
10
0.134%
3
47 lb gasoline / ft
59
60
61
63
66
70
71
72
Example 8
Solution:
P1 P2 1
yh3
x 12
1 in.
7.5 105
1
cp ft 2
144 in.2
4
0.6
cp
ft 2
2.09 10 lbf s
in.3 / s 0.27 in.3 / h
75
76
4.1 Condensation
Example 9
Solution:
99% recovery will reduce the mol fraction in
the gas stream to 0.005% = 50 ppm.
Assuming the recovered liquid is practically
pure toluene (xtoluene 1), we know that we
must find from Eq. (1) the temperature at
which
ptoluene ytoluene P 0.00005 14.7 psi 7.35 104 psia 5 Pa
80
Example 10
(10)
Solution:
=0.0140
emission
L gasoline
mol
60g
mol stream 1
gasoline
in
90
91
0.200
total pressure
14.7 psia
stream 2
4.2 Adsorption
96
99
4.2.1 Adsorbents
Example 11
Solution:
106
Example 12
We wish to treat the airstream in Example 9
to remove practically all the toluene.
If the bed must operate 8 h between
regenerations, how many pounds of
activated carbon must it have (a) if it is only
used once and then thrown away, and (b) if it
is regenerated to an outlet stream toluene
content of 0.5%?
109
Solution:
Here the incoming air flow is
n&= 1000 scfm 2.595 10-3 lbmol/scf = 2.595 lbmol/min
110
111
1970 lb 895 kg
*
w 0.29 lb / lb
Example 13
Solution:
bt
36
t
4.9 h
b 7.4 / h
Pyi*
xi
Hi
(11)
transferred
mols of i
transferred
to the liquid
mass transfer
capacity per
unit volume
d volume
(12)
132
Example 14
Solution:
From Fig. 10.1, we see that the highestboiling HC shown, n-decane, has a vapor
pressure at 100oF of about 0.06 psi = 0.004
atm, which is 80 times too high.
Using the Antoine equation constants, we
find that n-tetradecane (C14H30, M =198
g/mol) has an acceptable calculated vapor
pressure of 4710-6 atm at 100oF.
We would not use a pure HC as absorbent,
because pure HCs are expensive.
135
Yi bottom Yi top
L Yi
G X i
X i bottom X i top
137
Y y and X x
(13)
*
*
Pytoluene
1 atm ytoluene
*
14.3 ytoluene
ptoluene
0.070 atm
(14)
0.087
G X i bottom X i top xi bottom - xi top
0.057 0
141
scf
lb mol
lb mol
lb
mol
2.6
1.25
1180
min 385.3 scf
min
s
min
lb mol
lb mol
lb
kg
0.23
44
20
min
min
min
min
xtoluene
1 atm 40 106
5.71104
0.070 atm
Example 15
Solution:
and G
L G g c
G L
2
145
146
0.087
0.187
G GM G / A G M G
92
L G
G L
1/ 2
0.071
0.187
47
1/ 2
0.0073
147
L G g c
0.23 47 0.071 32.2
lb
0.77
F 0.2
50 0.75 1.60.2
ft 2 s
148
2.18 ft 2 0.203 m 2
2
G 0.58 lb / ft / s
D
gas
4
4
A
2.18 ft 2 1.66 ft 0.51 m
m&gas
G A
1.25 lb / s
ft
m
8.2
2.5
(0.071 lb / ft 3 )(2.18 ft 2 )
s
s
149
Example 16
Solution:
we return to Eq. (12) and rearrange the
rightmost two terms to find that
G
dh
dYi
*
( KaP )( yi yi )
(16)
150
Yi top
L
Yi bottom ( X i bottom X i top )
G
152
dyi
bottom [ y (1 HG / pL ) ( H / P ) x ( HG / PL ) y )]
B
B
i
y (1 HG / PL) ( H / P ) xB ( HG / PL) y B
1
ln T
top
(17)
153
H 0.070 atm
0.070
P
1 atm
HG 0.070
0.805
PL 0.087
HG
1 0.195
PL
6
6
N 1 ln 50 10 0.195 0.070 0.057 0.805 5000 10 16.6
0.195 5000 106 0.195 0.070 0.057 0.805 5000 10 6
NG
16.6 0.23 lbmol / min
60 min
26 ft #
3
2
KaPA (4 lbmol / h / ft / atm) 1 atm 2.18 ft
h
155
5. Control by Oxidation
For example,
Decrease in concentration
dc A
n
kc
A
dt
of A per unit time
(18)
where
r = reaction rate
k = a kinetic rate constant whose
value is strongly dependent on
the
temperature but is
independent of the
concentration of the reactants
cA = concentration of A
n = reaction order
160
E
k A exp
RT
(19)
(20)
Example 17
Solution:
E
k A exp
RT
7.43 1021
95,900 cal / mol
exp
o
o
s
(1.987
cal
/
mol
/
K
)(1000
460)
R
(
K
/1.8
R)
0.00011/ S #
164
Example 18
Solution:
For n=1, we can integrate Eq. (18) from t=0 to t=t, finding
c
exp[ k (t t0 )]
(21)
c0
At 1000oF,
1 c
1
1
t= ln 0
ln
62,800 s 17.4 h
k c 0.00011/ s 0.001
165
900 - 1350oF
900 - 1200oF
1200 - 1450oF
Example 19
Solution:
dD
D2
rA r D 2
dt
2
dt
dD
r
2
dt
r
dD 2 dt
r
( D D0 ) 2 (t t0 )
175
rt
5.4
10
cm 0.54
3
2 g / cm
#
176
185