IMAGE

ORTHICON

IMAGE ORTHICON

Makes use of high

photo emissive
sensitivity from
photocathode.

Image multiplication is
caused by electron
emission and electron
multiplier.

Production of video

Production of video signal

signal by photoemission

by photoconduction

ELECTRON MULTIPLIER
STRUCTURE

OPERATION OF IMAGE ORTHICON

ELECTRON MULTIPLIER SECTION OF

IMAGE ORTHICON

LIGHT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF

TWO DIFFERENT IMAGE ORTHICONS

ADVANTAGES
High sensitivity.

DISADVANTAGES

Requires photomultiplier.

Light to signal transfer is complex.

Signal to noise ratio is poor.

APPLICATIONS
Used

in studios
where the quality
of picture is
important.

PHOTOCONDUCT
IVE BEHAVIOUR

PHOTOCONDUCTIVE PRINCIPLE
In some metal , when
light photon fall on it
then its conductivity /
resistivity change.
Semiconductor metals
like selenium,
tellurium and lead with
their oxide have this
property known as
photoconductivity.

The variation of resistance at each point across the

surface of the material is utilized to develop a
varying signal by scanning it uniformly with an
electron beam.

VIDICON

VIDICON
A type of camera tube.
Camera tube is used
to convert optical
signals to
electrical signals.
It is based on the
principle of
photoconductors
effect.
Vidicon was popular
for its small size.

CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING

ADVANTAGES

Light in weight.

Signal

to noise ratio is better as compared to

image orthicon.

It

does not require photomultiplier.

Spectral

response is close to human eyes.

DISADVANTAGES
Sensitivity

orthicon.

is poor as compared to image

Lag

of image takes place . even sometime burn

of images takes place.

Dark

current is high as compared to other

camera tubes.

APPLICATIONS

Used in slides picture,

closed circuit,
television etc.

Earlier days it was

used for fast
movements of object.

Today ,its modified

version are used in
application like
educations , medicines,
aerospace etc.

THE
PHOTOELECTRIC
EFFECT

INTRODUCTION
The target is hit by an
EM radiations and the
electrons are emitted.
This is photoelectric
effect.
The electrons ejected
from the target are
called
photoelectrons.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
If

photoelectrons get ejected when you shine

monochromatic light on the target, the current
increases when you increase the intensity
(brighter light = more photoelectrons)
BUTabove a cutoff wavelength no
photoelectrons get ejected no matter how great
the intensity of the incident radiation
ANDfor wavelengths below the cutoff,
decreasing the radiation to very low
intensities does not completely eliminate the
production of photo electrons

SETUP
An

adjustable voltage
is applied. Voltage can
be forward or reverse
biased (which slows
down the electrons).

Photoelectrons

return
to cathode through an
ammeter which
records the current.

CONCLUSION
Einstein

figured out the photoelectric effect

in 1905 (the same year he developed the
theory of special relativity and explained
Brownian Motion). This is what he got the
Nobel prize for.
I like to think of the the photoelectric
equation in terms of conservation of energy
light energy ejecting electron & KE
KE eV
hf = + KE = + eV

IMAGE
ORTHICON,
VIDICON
&
PLUMBICON

COMPARISON
Image
Orthicon

Developed by
Target
Sensitivity
Target
Material
Dark Current
Characteristic
s

RCA

Vidicon

RCA

Plumbicon

Philips

Photo
Emissive

Photo
Conductive

Photo
Conductive

Light
sensitive
granuals

sb2s3

PbO

20 nA

3 nA

300 nA

35 m

Light to
signal
transfer is
complex

300 nA

Large Lag

400 nA

Special
Target for red
response

SOLID STATE
SCANNER

IMAGE SCANNER
Image Scanner is a device that optically scans
images
handwriting
printed text
objects
and converts them into digital images.

SOLID STATE IMAGE SCANNER

Based on the principle

of Charge Couple
Devices (CCDs).

A pattern is generated
when the charge
carriers in silicon
crystals are
illuminated.

CHARGE COUPLED DEVICES

(CCDS)

It is a device used for movement of electrical

charge.

It helps to take the charges to an area where

they can be manipulated i.e. converted into a
digital image.

A solid state image scanner consists mainly

of 3 parts:
Camera Body
CCD Chip
Electronics

CONSTRUCTION

WORKING

How does the charge transfer takes place?

SCANNING OF TELEVISION PICTURES

Image plate is formed

by arranging large
number of CCD array.

Potential to move the

charge: 5V to 10V

 Whenever

an image is projected on the CCD,

the high intensity areas will produce more
charge in the pixels than in the low intensity
area.

The

amount of charge in each pixel is

different, which is detected by the computer
and a digital image is formed.

ADVANTAGES
Electronic
Light
Low

beam is not required.

weight.

power dissipation.