FOOT

Anatomy of The Foot

The foot is the region of the
lower limb distal to the ankle
joint.
It is subdivided into the
tarsus, the metatarsus, and
the digits.
The foot has a superior
surface (dorsum of foot)
and an inferior surface (sole)

Anatomy of The Foot

Bones
There are three groups of
bones in the foot :
The seven tarsal bones.
Metatarsals (1 to 5).
The phalanges, which are
the bones of the toes-each
toe has three phalanges,
except for the great toe,
which has two.

Anatomy of The Foot

Tarsal bones:
The tarsal bones are
arranged in a proximal
group and a distal group
with an intermediate bone
between the two groups
on the medial side .

Anatomy of The Foot

The proximal group consists
of two large bones, the
talus and the calcaneus.
The intermediate tarsal
bone on the medial side of
the foot is the navicular.
The distal group of tarsal
bones consists of cuboid
and three cuneiforms
bones.

Anatomy of The Foot

Metatarsals:
There are 5 metatarsals in
the foot, numbered I to V
from medial to lateral.
1st Metatarsal bone
associated with the great
toe, is shortest and
thickest.
The 2nd is the longest.

Anatomy of The Foot

Phalanges
The phalanges are the
bones of the toes.
Each toe has three
phalanges (proximal,
middle, and distal),
except for the great toe,
which has only two
(proximal and distal).

Read about

Foots Joints

Tarsal tunnel
The 'tarsal tunnel' is formed on
the posteromedial side of the
ankle by:
A depression formed by the
medial malleolus of the tibia,
the medial and posterior
surfaces of the talus, the medial
surface of the calcaneus, and
the inferior surface of the
sustentaculum tali of the
calcaneus.
An overlying flexor retinaculum .

Tarsal tunnel
The flexor retinaculum is a
strap-like layer of
connective tissue.
It attaches above to the
medial malleolus and
below and behind to the
inferomedial margin of the
calcaneus.

Contents of Tarsal tunnel

Tibialis posterior muscle
Flexor digitorum longus
muscle
Posterior tibial artery
Posterior tibial vein
Tibial nerve
Flexor hallucis longus muscle
(mnemonic used is "Tiny Dogs
Are Not Hunters)

Extensor retinacula
Two extensor retinacula
strap the tendons of the
extensor muscles to the
ankle region and prevent
tendon bowing during
extension of the foot and
toes:
Superior extensor
retinaculum
Inferior retinaculum

Plantar Aponeurosis
It is a thickening of deep fascia
in the sole of the foot.
It is firmly anchored to the
medial process of the calcaneal
tuberosity and extends forward
as a thick band of
longitudinally arranged
connective tissue fibers.
The plantar aponeurosis
supports the longitudinal arch
of the foot and protects deeper
structures in the sole.

Arches of the foot

The bones of the foot form
longitudinal and
transverse arches
relative to the ground
which absorb and
distribute downward
forces from the body
during standing and
moving on different
surfaces.

Arches of the foot

Longitudinal arch
It is formed between the
posterior end of the calcaneus
and the heads of the
metatarsals.
It is highest on the medial
side where it forms the medial
part of the longitudinal arch
and lowest on the lateral side
where it forms the lateral part.

Arches of the foot

Arches of the foot

Longitudinal arch
Medial longitudinal arch
Lateral longitudinal arch

Arches of the foot

Transverse arch
It runs from medial to
lateral direction on the
plantar surface of the
foot. This arch also
provides support and
flexibility to the foot.

Arches of the foot

Muscles of the foot

Muscles of the foot are
classed as:
Intrinsic muscles
Extrinsic muscles

Muscles of the foot

Intrinsic muscles originate and
insert in the foot and control
the movement of the toes.
Extrinsic muscles originate
from anywhere in the lower
leg, their long tendons cross
the ankle joint and insert
onto one of the bones of the
foot.

Arteries of the foot

Blood supply to the foot is
by branches of the
posterior tibial and
dorsalis pedis (dorsal
artery of the foot) arteries

Arteries of the foot

Posterior tibial artery and
plantar arch:
The posterior tibial artery
enters the foot through the
tarsal tunnel on the medial
side of the ankle and posterior
to the medial malleolus.
It bifurcates into a small
medial plantar artery and a
much larger lateral plantar
artery.

Arteries of the foot

Dorsalis pedis artery :
It is the continuation of the anterior
tibial artery and begins as the
anterior tibial artery crosses the
ankle joint .
It passes anteriorly over the dorsal
aspect of the talus, navicular, and
intermediate cuneiform bones, and
then passes inferiorly, as the deep
plantar artery, between the two
heads of the first dorsal
interosseous muscle to join the
deep plantar arch in the sole of the
foot.

Arteries of the foot

Dorsalis pedis artery :
Pulse of the dorsalis pedis
artery on the dorsal surface
of the foot can be felt by
gently palpating the vessel
against the underlying tarsal
bones between the tendons
of extensor hallucis
longus and the tendon of
extensor digitorum
longus to the second toe.

Veins of the foot

Veins of the foot :
Deep veins
Superficial veins
The deep veins follow the
arteries.

Veins of the foot

Superficial veins drain into a dorsal
venous arch on the dorsal surface
of the foot over the metatarsals:
The great saphenous vein
originates from the medial side of
the arch and passes anterior to
the medial malleolus and onto the
medial side of the leg
The small saphenous vein
originates from the lateral side of
the arch and passes posterior to
the lateral malleolus and onto the
back of the leg.

Nerves of the foot

The foot is supplied by the
tibial, deep peroneal,
superficial peroneal, sural,
and saphenous nerves.