THIRD EDITION

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D.

Chapter 1
Introduction to Physiology

PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by

Dr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan University
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

My notes from class

Fructose is only metabolized in the liver so can get cirrhosis sometimes
Hypothalamus maintains homeostasis
Enzymes are affected by high temperatures and pH, optimal numbers
are around 37 deg C and 7.4 respectively
Cardiovascular main enemies is smoking and diabetes
Diabetes type 1- autoimmune system issue
Diabetes type 2- insulin resistant
Gastric bypass patients can sometimes revert to non diabetic due to
hormonal changes
You only need about 20% of an organ to keep you alive
Liver regenerates itself generously only one
It also absorbs fats, processes proteins and carbs, secretes
hormones, etc. (300-400 functions)
We are made of about 60-63% water, with 66% inside cells,
3/4 is interstitial, instead of plasma
6 quarts of blood in the body
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Notes continued:
For BP, 13 diff meds exist
Embolization of plaques can cause dementia because holes in the brain are
created due to the high BP
Too much cortisol which can be caused by a tumor: symptoms include
psycosis, high BP, depression, etc
PSA- prostate specific antigen:
Get lots of false positive at detecting cancer
Usually get tested for it when over 50 y/o
If high level then need biopsy
Nocebo effect- given sham treatment.
Ex: told pill very bad and has lots of side effects but not truethen pt
begins to experience all these side effects
Drugs must be safe and effective for drug trials
Exclusion and inclusion groups must exist
Limited control/population
Oxytocin, endorphins, and dopamine make brain feel good
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Notes continued
Correlation does NOT always equal causation!
Solution: perform placebo, controlled, double blind study with
randomization
Single blind- patient does not know
Double blind- patient and dr dont know
Data safety monitoring board can make it so all pts get trt if actually works
CE marketing like FDA for EU
Crossover study- one real and one placebo- then cross over at some point
in time
Prospective vs retrospective
Prospective- go forward
Tends to be more valid
Retrospective
Pts already treated, look at hospital records and compare
outcomes
Could have other unknown effects
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Note continued
Longitudinal studies- ex: Framingham, MA. Study following ppl over the
last 60-70 yrs, try to correlate different activities with different diseases. It
did help with smoking studies
Metaanalysis- combine different studies looking at similar parameters
Chronopharmacology- time of day affecting meds, for ex- statins must be
taken over night
LD50-lethal dose for 50% of the population
Epigenetics- cytosine residues may not be methylated
Also involves histones
Fructose only metabolized mainly in the liver
HDL- reverse transport of triglycerides,
LDL-converted in blood stream (associated with astherosclerosis),
VLDL (liver secretes it) (TG cholesterol),
IDL (intermediate)
Glycerols, Fas make up surface of above and help solubilize it
Cholesterol is naturally a lipid and lipoproteins also on surface
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Notes continued

Can change LDL to HDL via diet and exercise

Isotopes have different numbers of neutrons
Cobalamin is vit B12
Bone is made of hydroxyappetite
Reprofusion injury- when apoptosis occurs due to free oxygen radicals that
occur once the heart starts again, Can get bad rxns with radicals and
mutations
25-35% captured energy by ATP
Water allows chemistry to evolve.
Lung has surface tension (surfactant helps disrupt H bonding and keeps
alveoli open)
Premature babies lungs sometimes have not begun creating surfactant
If add surfactant, alveoli can stay open with less effort
Histones wrap DNA
Liver emulsifies with bile salts which are amphipathic with polar and non
polar dies (he said this is not breaking down)
It
sends
lipases
and
colipases
to help
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Continued

Steroids are transported in blood via steroid binding globulins

Carbonic anhydrase converts CO2 +H2O to H2CO3
Pancreatitis pancreas begins digesting itself
Mucous membranes keep stomach from digesting itself
Pka values mean equilibrium values half acid and half like base
About 20% ppl are salt sensitive
Transfats are the bad ones! In processed foods, partially hydrogenated,
increased LDL particles
Alcohol has more calories, fat is 9 cal
Saturated- oil like, unsaturated- solid like
Lactose is absorved in large intestine mostly by bacteria
Sucrose is glu+fructose, maltose=glu+glu, lactose=glu+ galactose
High fructose corn syrup was developed by Japanese
Muscle has 80% glycogen, liver has the rest
Cellulose is insoluble fiber
Tylenol inhibits eicosanoids and prostaglandins
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Last continued

Omega 3 FA high in seafood due to phytoplankton

Omega 3-linoleic (ALA, EPA, DHA)
Essential AAs you need from the diet
Dont have essential carbs
Thromboxane- construction of blood vessels and activates platetelets
Aspirin inhibits actuation of platelets
Cortisone prevent phospholipase c?
Eicosanoids important in pain, fever, inflammation, asthma, etc.

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About this Chapter

What is physiology?
A review of organ systems
Evolution and integration from cell to human
The concept of homeostasis is introduced
Themes in Physiology
The science of Physiology
Experimental design
Data
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Levels of Organization
Physiology defined:
Study of the normal functioning of a living
organism
Literally means knowledge of nature
Organization of life
The cell is the unit of life
Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems & organisms

Figure 1-1: Levels of organization and the related fields of study

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Just SOME of what

Biochem students
have to learn
(and what professors
have to make sound
interesting)

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Organ Systems In Review

Circulatory
Digestive
Endocrine
Immune
Integumentary
Musculoskeletal
Nervous
Reproductive
Urinary
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Figure 1-2: The integration between systems of the body

Concept Mapping
Structure and function
Integration across
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Flow charts
Follow process
In sequence
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Concept Mapping

Figure 1-3: Maps for physiology

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Evolution of Physiological Systems

Cell
Intracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid
Organism
Protective cells
Exchange cells
External environment
Homeostasis Defined
Emergent properties
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Figure 1-4: The internal and external environments

Homeostasis & Controls

External or internal change

Loss of homeostasis
Physiological attempt to correct
Sensors, integrating center
Response of cells & organs

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Homeostasis & Controls

Successful
compensation
Homeostasis
reestablished
Failure to compensate
Pathophysiology
Illness
Death
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Figure 1-5: Homeostasis

Themes in Physiology
Homeostasis
Structure/function
relationships
Integration of systems
Communication
Membranes &
exchange
Energy
Mass balance
Mass flow & resistance
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Figure 1-7: Mass balance in the body

Scientific Inquiry & Knowledge

Observation & experimentation
Hypothesis
Variables
Independent
Dependant
Controls
Data
Replication
Theory
Models
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Human Experiments

Genetic variables
Placebo effect
Nocebo effect
Ethics

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Formats of Experimental Design

Crossover study
Blind studies
Double-blind studies
Double-blind crossover studies

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Time Duration of Experiments

Longitudinal studies
Prospective studies
Cross sectional studies
Retrospective studies
Meta-analysis

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Copyright
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Copyright
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asBenjamin
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Summary
Organ systems
Structures & functions
The cell, the organism, the outside environment
Homeostatic balancing
Review of themes: communication, energy,
membranes, body compartments, flow and
balance
Scientific inquiry- good science
Experimental designs
Representing the data
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