DC Machine & Transformer

Speed Control of DC
PresentedMotors
by :1.Mahima Mittal (140110109022)
2.Monil Ghadiya (140110109024)

Contents

What is DC Motor

Types

Definition

Method for Speed Control

Merits/Demerits

Applications

What is motor

The motor or an electrical motor is a device that has

brought about one of the biggest advancements in the
fields of engineering and technology ever since the
invention of electricity. A motor is nothing but an electromechanical device that converts electrical energy to
mechanical energy.

The very basic

construction of a dc motor contains
a current carrying armature which
is connected to the supply end
through commutator segments and
brushes and placed within the
north south poles of a permanent
or an electro-magnet as shown in
the diagram below.

Motor principle

Now to go into the details of the operating principle of DC motor its

important that we have a clear understanding of Flemings left hand rule to
determine the direction of force acting on the armature conductors of dc
motor. Flemings left hand rule says that if we extend the index finger, middle
finger and thumb of our left hand in such a way that the current carrying
conductor is placed in a magnetic field (represented by the index finger) is
perpendicular to the direction of current (represented by the middle finger),
then the conductor experiences a force in the direction (represented by the
thumb) mutually perpendicular to both the direction of field and the current
in the conductor.

Types of dc motor

DC Shunt Motor

Characteristics

Factors Controlling Motor Speed

Speed control of DC Shunt Motor

There are three types for controlling speed

1.

Variation of Flux

2.

Armature or Rheostatic Control Method

3.

Voltage Control Method

i.

Multiple Voltage Control

ii.

Ward Leonard System

Flux control method

It is seen that speed of the motor is inversely proportional to flux. Thus by

decreasing flux speed can be increased and vice versa.

To control the flux, a rheostat is added in series with the field winding, as
shown in the circuit diagram. Adding more resistance in series with field
winding will increase the speed, as it will decrease the flux. Field current is
relatively small and hence I2R loss is small, hence this method is quiet
efficient. Though speed can be increased by reducing flux with this method,
it puts a limit to maximum speed as weakening of flux beyond the limit will
adversely affect the commutation.

Armature control method

Speed of the motor is directly proportional to the back emf Eb and Eb = VIaRa. That is when supply voltage V and armature resistance Ra are kept
constant, speed is directly proportional to armature current I a. Thus if we add
resistance in series with armature, Ia decreases and hence speed decreases.

Greater the resistance in series with armature, greater the decrease in speed.

Merits

1.

2.

3.
4.
5.

Speed changes with every change in load, because speed variations

depend not only on controlling resistance but on load current also. This
double dependence makes it impossible to keep the speed sensibly
constant on rapidly changing loads.
A large amount of power is wasted in the controller resistance. Loss of
power is directly proportional to the reduction in speed. Hence, efficiency is
decreased.
Maximum power developed is diminished in the same ratio as speed.
It needs expensive arrangement for dissipation of heat produced in the
controller resistance.
It gives speeds below the normal, not above it because armature voltage
can be decreased (not increased) by the controller resistance.

Voltage Control Method

1.

Multiple voltage control:

In this method the, shunt filed is connected to a fixed exciting voltage, and
armature is supplied with different voltages. Voltage across armature is
changed with the help of a suitable switchgear. The speed is approximately
proportional to the voltage across the armature.

1.

Ward-Leonard System:

This system is used where very sensitive speed control of motor is required
(e.g electric excavators, elevators etc.) The arrangement of this system is as
required in the figure beside.

M2 is the motor whose speed control is required.

M1 may be any AC motor or DC motor with constant speed.
G is the generator directly coupled to M1.
In this method the output from the generator G is fed to the armature of the
motor M2 whose speed is to be controlled. The output voltage of the
generator G can be varied from zero to its maximum value, and hence the
armature voltage of the motor M2 is varied very smoothly. Hence very smooth
speed control of motor can be obtained by this method.

Uses

Electric excavators

Elevators

Main drives in steel, blooming and paper mills

Colliery winders

Dc series motor

A series wound dc motor like in the case of shunt wound dc motor or

compound wound dc motor falls under the category of self-excited dc motors,
and it gets its name from the fact that the field winding in this case is
connected internally in series to the armature winding. Thus the field winding
are exposed to the entire armature current unlike in the case of a shunt
motor.

construction

Construction wise a this motor is similar to any other

types of dc motors in almost all aspects. It consists of all the
fundamental components like the stator housing the field
winding or the rotor carrying the armature conductors, and the
other vital parts like the commutator or the brush segments all
attached in the proper sequence as in the case of a generic
DC motor.

Yet if we are to take a close look into the wiring of the field
and armature coils of this dc motor, its clearly distinguishable
from the other members of this type. To understand that let us
revert back into the above mentioned basic fact, that the this
motor has field coil connected in series to the armature
winding. For this reason relatively higher current flows through
the field coils, and its designed accordingly as mentioned
below.

i) The field coils of dc series motor are wound with relatively

fewer turns as the current through the field is its armature
current and hence for required mmf less numbers of turns are
required.

ii) The wire is heavier, as the diameter is considerable

increased to provide minimum electrical resistance to the flow
of full armature current.

In spite of the above mentioned differences, about having

fewer coil turns the running of this dc motor remains
unaffected, as the current through the field is reasonably high
to produce a field strong enough for generating the required
amount of torque. To understand that better lets look into the
voltage and current equation of dc series motor

Types of dc series motor

1.

Flux control method

Variations in the flux of a series motor can be brought about in any one of the
following ways.

Field divertor

Armature divertor

Trapped field control field

Paralleling field coils

2 Variable resistance in series with motor

By increasing the resistance in series with the armature the voltage applied across
the armature terminals can be decreased.
Series parallel control

Speed control means intentional change of the drive speed to a value

required for performing the specific work process.

Field divertor

A veritable resistance is connected

parallel to the series field as shown
in fig (a). This variable resistor is
called as divertor, as desired
amount of current can be diverted
through this resistor and hence
current through field coil can be
decreased. Hence flux can be
decreased to desired amount and
speed can be increased

Armature divertor

Divertor is connected across the

armature as in fig (b).

For a given constant load torque, if

armature current is reduced then
flux must increase. As, Ta Ia

This will result in increase in

current taken from the supply and
hence flux will increase and
subsequently speed of the motor
will decrease.

Trapped field control field

As shown in fig (c) field coil is

tapped dividing number of turns.
Thus we can select different value
of by selecting different number
of turns.

Paralleling field coils

In this method, several speeds can

be obtained by regrouping coils as
shown in fig

Variable resistance in series with motor

By introducing resistance in series with armature, voltage across the

armature can be reduced. And hence, speed reduces in proportion
with it.