P54x Suffix K

MiCOM P54x Series Suffix K
Current Differential and Distance Protection Relays

Includes relays P543/4/5/6
Protection Products
March 2006
MiCOM P54x Introduction

The MiCOM P543-6 series provides:
High-speed current differential unit
protection
using
a
proven
characteristic comparing differential
current with through current .
Optional high performance
cycle distance protection:
sub
Universal mho characteristics

Quadrilateral
characteristics for
short lines/cables, and where
boosting of resistive fault coverage
is required
Optional phase segregated aided

directional earth fault DEF to
provide high resistance ground fault
detection
3
> Title of presentation - Date - References
MiCOM Protection Portfolio
P900
Frequency Protection Relays
P800
Autoreclose, Breaker Fail ...
P700
Busbar Protection Schemes
P600
Transformer Protection Relays
P500
Line Differential and Distance Relays
P400
Distance Protection Relays
P300
Generator Protection Relays
P200
Universal Motor Protection Relay
P100
Feeder Management Relays
P54x - suffix
K
4
P54x - Models Available
P543 and P545 : Differential for Plain and Transformer Feeders, 1/3
Pole Autoreclose, with OPTIONAL Distance Protection.
P543 in (60TE /size 1 midos) with 16/14 I/O and
P545 in (80TE /full 19 rack) with 24/32 I/O
P544 and P546 Differential for Mesh Corner/Breaker and a Half
Feeding with OPTIONAL Distance Protection.
P544 in
(60TE /size 1 midos) with 16/14 I/O and
P546 in (80TE / full 19 rack) with 24/32 I/O
If a relay is fitted with OPTIONAL distance, it will

also include phase segregated aided directional
earth fault DEF and teleprotection schemes
5
P54x suffix K use
If Distance protection is fitted:

Line differential and Distance protection can
independently, as a main 1 or main 2 protection.
work
Alternatively, each zone can be set independently to work in

case of communication failure.
Distance elements may run in parallel with the differential
protection, offering dual main protection.
A phase segregated aided directional earth fault DEF can
also be configured as a main 1 or main 2 or backup
protection to provide high resistance ground fault detection
Current Differential
Current Differential Principle

End A
End B
IA
IF
IB
Relay B
Relay A
Communication Link
IA + IB = 0 Healthy
IA + IB 0 (= IF) Fault
8
Three Ended Line Protection
IA
End A
IC
IF
IB
Relay B
End C
IA + IB + IC = 0 Healthy
IA + IB + IC 0 (= IF faulty)
9
Current Differential - Advantages
No voltage transformers needed

Good for multi-ended lines
Detect very high resistance faults
Immune to power swings
Uniform trip time
No problems with series compensation
Simple to set with no coordination problems
10
10
All Digital/Numerical Design
0IIIIII0I0.....0I0IIIIII0
Digital messages
End A
End B
A/D
P
Digital communication interface
11
11
Main Features of P54x Relay

Current Differential Elements
Fully numerical design

Use standard 56 or 64 kbits/s comms channel
Also work with dedicated optical fibre links
Phase discrimination
Capacitive charging current compensation
Two and three ended feeder protection
Continuous propagation delay time measurement and
compensation
Comprehensive data security checks
12
12
Current Differential Protection
BENEFITS OFFERED BY DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

Basic channel bandwidth is 56 or 64 kbits/s
Phase segregated protection

Additional InterMiCOM and permissive intertrip (PIT)
commands transfer
Includes 8 freely-programmable commands (per channel)

and status transfer bits between line ends
Powerful error checking for secure signalling
13
13
16 bit analogue to digital conversion

Relay samples at 48 samples/cycle. For Differential
protection, re-sampling at 8 samples/cycle
(48 samples/cycle in Disturbance Record)

Current vector extraction using one cycle fourier
Proven best noise immunity in difficult applications

adjacent to HVDC, switching noise, series compensation
etc
Vector transform for time alignment
14
14
Current Measurement and

Filtering - 1
i(t)
i2
i1
i3
i4
t
i8
i5
i6
2 N-1
I=
i n exp j n t
N
n=1
15
i7
N No. of samples
= per cycle
15
Current Measurement and

Filtering - 2
N-1
Is = 2
sinn t.in
N n=1
Ic = 2
N
I =
16
N-1
io
iN
cosn t.in
+
+
2
2 n=1
Is + j I c
16
Differential data message format
Start
flag
17
Address
Data
Frame
check
Timing
data
Status
and
commands
Current
vectors
End
flag
17
Data Message Format
Start flag (01111110) for message synchronisation

Address
Timing data for propagation delay time measurement
Status and command information
Current vectors (3 phases)
Additional Bias (2nd harmonic P543/P543, Stub bus through
current P544/P546)
Cyclic redundancy frame check
End flag (01111110) for message synchronization
Total 23 Bytes
18
18
Current Differential Characteristic
IA
Differential current
Idiff =
IA + IB + IC
Is1
IB
IC
c
r
Pe
k1
s
a
i
b
ge
a
t
n
e
Perc
Trip
e
g
ta
n
e
2
k
as
i
b
No trip
Is2
Bias Current
Ibias = (IA + IB + IC )
19
19
Propagation Delay Problem
Relay B
Relay A
Current at B
Current received from A
Propagation delay
20
20
Propagation Delay Compensation
Asynchronous sampling (proven in LFCB and P54x)
Continual time difference measurement

Vector transformation in software
Synchronise sampling in both relays
Direct comparison of samples

Synchronising both relays to real time a possibility if GPS
receiver available - what happens for loss of GPS?
21
21
Propagation Delay Time

Measurement - 1
Relay
Relay
Curr
nt
vecte
ors
tA1
tA2
tp1
tA3
tA4
tA5
22
Data
mes s
age
tA1
tB1
tB2
tB *
tB3
tB4
tB5
22
Propagation Delay Time

Measurement - 2
Measured sampling time
tp2)
tA1
tA2
tB3 tA3
*
tA4
Curren
t
vector
tp1 s
tA
1
tB1
tB2
td
tp2
tB*
tB3
tB4
n
e
r
r
u
tB5
tA5
C
t
td
r
A
o
t
t
c
tB 1
e
a
t
vDa
s ge
3
essa
m
Propagation delay time tp = tp1 = tp2 = 1/2 (tA* tA1 td)
This calculation is sometimes called ping-pong
method
tA*
23
tB3* = (tA* -
23
Asynchronous sampling -Time Alignment of

Current Vectors
I (tA4)
I (tB3*)
t = (tA4 - tB3*)
=t
If
sin
then
)
24
I (tB3*) = I cos + j I
I (tA4)
= I (tB3* ) . (cos + j sin
= I cos ( + ) + j I sin
(+)
24
Transient Change in Propagation Delay (1)
Unequal send (tp1) and receive (tp2) delays result in

incorrect vector alignment and hence incorrect
differential current
Majority of switched communications networks switch
send and receive path simultaneously
Some networks may produce transient period where
send/receive paths differ
Potential for relay maloperation
25
25
Relay continuously measures the propagation delay

Any change in propagation delay greater than settable
value used to raise k1 (initial bias slope) to 200%
(effectively blocking relay for currents less than Is2,
similar to an overcurrent interlock)
Change is maintained for settable time delay (max.
500ms) to overcome transient period after which k1 is
reduced to original value
26
26
Trip
Differential current
Is1
s
a
Bi
Bi
20 as
0%
Idiff =
IA + IB + IC
Bias
k1
k2
No trip
Is2
Bias Current
Ibias = (IA + IB + IC )
27
27
Protection for SONET/SDH Systems
t3
End B
BUT: For SONET systems, tp1

can be different than tp2
Cur
re
nt v
ec
t1
st d t 3
tors
td
or
vect
rent
Cur
t1
t2
With asynchronous sampling,

using the ping-pong method
is necessary to assume:
tp1 = tp2
In order to realign vectors thus
allowing phase and magnitude
information to be compared at
line ends.
t1
28
tp1
tp2
t4 End A
28
SONET/SDH Ring
Configuration
Node
2
Node
1
Node
6
Node
3
Standby
path
tp2
Node
5
P545/6
End A
tp1
tp2
Worker path
Node
4
tp1
P545/6
End B
Line
29
29
One Worker Channel Lost:

Part Routing via Standby Channel
Node
2
Node
1
Node
6
Node
3
Now, tp2 > tp1

tp2
Node
5
P545/6
End A
tp1
tp2
Node
4
tp1
P545/6
End B
Line
30
30
SONET/SDH Ring
Failure of Comms Path
Normally comms. data is sent via the worker path

If one worker channel is lost, the affected messages are
routed via the standby path
As the worker and standby propagation delays are not
equal, time alignment of vectors could be lost
Error in time alignment gives higher differential current
which may give an unwanted trip
Asynchronous sampling provide stability until both Tx
and Rx channels switch to the protection path
Synchronous sampling may be required where a split
routing can be prolonged
31
31
SONET/SDH ring
Limitations of asynchronous sampling algorithm
Conventional LFCB/P540 algorithm may not be suitable

for systems where a semi-permanent differential comms.
delay can be present
Operation is not impaired if the propagation time difference

(Standby path - Worker path) is less than 1ms
Operation is not affected if Tx and Rx are both switched to

the protection path in less than 10ms*, or for longer (up to
500ms) when using the transient bias feature
If neither of the above criteria are satisfied, GPS

synchronism must be used
(Key: * = 10ms on 50Hz system, half cycle)

32
32
MiCOM P594
Incorporates a GPS receiver
Indicates the number of

satellites being tracked
P54x in GPS mode have

fallback strategies in case
of GPS failure
AC/DC auxiliary supply

4 x 850nm outputs to
synchronise up to 4 x P54x
relays
Synchronises differential
every 1 second (1 PPS)
Self monitoring
33
33
Typical Configuration
P594
P594
1sec
1sec
P591
/P592
/P593
Relay at End A
34
MUX
MUX
P591
/P592
/P593
Relay at End B
34
MiCOM P594
Synchronising Pulse
200ms
+/- 1ms
Output
Site 1
Light ON
Leading edge is
timing point
Light OFF
Time
Output
Site 2
<100 ns
Light ON
Light OFF
Time
35
35
MiCOM P594
Calculating Propagation Delay Time
1 PPS from P594
Leading edge is
timing point
Time
Ta1
Ta2
Sample 1
Ta3
Ta4
Ta5
Arrive 1 * Ta6
Ta7
Relay A
tp2
tp1
Tb1
Tb2
Tb3 Sample
1*
Tb4
Tb5
Tb6
Tb7
Tb8
Tb9 = Arrive 1
Relay B
Tp2 = Ta6 - Ta3
36
Tp1 = Tb9 - Tb3

36
Fallback Technique
ASYNCHRONOUS
MODE (NON GPS)
SYNCHRONOUS MODE (WORKING WITH

GPS),
Besides the calculation of tp1 and tp2, the
relay calculates continuously:
(t4 - t1 - td)
tp = tp1 =tp2=
2
Overall propagation delay time
= tp1 + tp2
If GPS is lost and Overall propagation delay

time doesnt change significantly, this means
comms path has not been switched and relays
keep working with the latest calculated
propagation delay times tp1 and tp2 to align
vectors
If GPS is lost and Overall propagation delay time
has later change, then Current differential
becomes inhibited as is not possible to align
vectors anymore
37
37
Capacitive Current Compensation

IL
IR
ZL
IchL
VL
IchR
VR
Conventional current differential protection needs to be set above

Ich to avoid tripping for 50/60Hz line charging current
P54x extracts Ich to allow more sensitive current settings to be
applied
Benefit: Resistive fault coverage improved
38
38
Typical Charging Currents

vs Cable / Line Voltage
A/km
A/km
30
1.2
0.3
11kV
400kV
Line Volts
Underground cables
39
132kV
400kV
Line Volts
Overhead lines
39
P543/ P545 - Protection

of Transformer Feeders
Power transformer
P54x
Scheme
Ratio
correction
Vectorial
correction
Virtual interposing CT
40
Virtual interposing CT
40
Vector Group Correction
Dy1 (-30 )
Yy0
0
87
87
Yd11
+30
Yy0, Yd1, Yd5, Yy6, Yd7, Yd11, Ydy0 etc.

0, -30, -150, 180, +150, +30, 0 . etc.
41
41
Inrush Current - Theory
+ m
Im
Steady state
- m
Im
2 m
42
Switch on at voltage
zero - No residual flux
42
Stability for Magnetizing Inrush Current
Magnetising inrush current flows into the energised

winding at switch on
This current is not represented at the distant end of the
line
A method of restraint is required to avoid trips on
breaker closure:
Inrush current is rich in harmonics: 2nd, 5th etc..

Increase bias current by adding a multiple of 2nd harmonic
current = RESTRAINT
43
43
Example MV Application:
Teed Feeder Protection
End A
End B
IF
Differential protection can be IDMT or DT

delayed to discriminate with tapped feed
protection:
44
Fused spurs
Tee-off transformer in-zone
Ring main units (RMU)
44
Example HV/EHV Application:

CB applications and Stub Bus Protection
Bus A
Bus B
45
Open
disconnector
P544 and P546 have two

sets of CT making them
suitable
for
CB
applications as each CT
generates its own restrain.
When
disconnector
is
open, diff. protection is
provided for the stub bus
only. In this case neither
current vectors nor diff.
intertrip are transmitted to
the remote end and
currents received from the
remote end are converted
in zero.
45
Current Differential communication

link
46
46
Direct Optical Fibre Link
OPGW
47
47
Interfacing to PCM Multiplexers
850nm
multimode
optical fibre
P591/2
interface
Multiplexe
G.703
unit
r
or V.35
electrical
P593
interface
unit
48
X.21
electrical
ISDN
48
Multiplexed Optical Link
Earth wire optical fibre
Multiplexer
Multiplexer
34 Mbit/s
64k
bits/s
Telephone
Telecontrol
Teleprotection
End A
49
End B
49
Multiplexed Microwave Link
PCM
Multiplexer
64k
bits/s
PCM
Multiplexer
Telephone
Telecontrol
Teleprotection
End A
50
End B
50
Interfacing Direct Fibre Optic to Multiplexers

IEEE C37.94
Direct connection - no interface!

Multiplexe
r
850nm
multimode
optical fibre
51
51
IEEE C37.94 Data Message Format
125s
250s
375s
Time
500s
256bitframe
Header(16bits)
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 y 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
sync
Overhead(48bits)
p p q q r r s s 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 ...
1 0
ChannelData(192bits)
D1 D1 D2 D2 D3 D3 D4 D4 D5 D5 D6 D6 D7 D7 D8 D8 D9 D9
52
...
D96 D96
52
Choosing IEEE C37.94

(Selection applies for both CH1 and CH2)
53
53
Optical Budgets for Direct Optical

Connection Between Relays
850nm Multi
1300nm Multi
1300nm Multi
1550nm Single
Mode
-19.8dBm
Mode
-13dBm
Mode
-13dBm
Mode
-13dBm
-25.4dBm
-40dBm
-40dBm
-40dBm
Optical Budget
5.6dB
27.0dB
27.0dB
27.0dB
Less Safety
Margin (3db)*
2.6dB
24.0dB
24.0dB
24.0dB
Typical Cable
Loss
2.6dB/km
0.8dB/km
0.4dB/km
0.3dB/km
Max
Transmission
Distance
1 km
30km
60km
80km
Min Transmit
Output Level
Receiver
Sensitivity
Short Haul
Long Haul
Key: * 3dB allowance for joint loss/ageing

54
54
Unique Address Function
Avoids maloperation should multiplexers misdirect data

messages
Range of addresses for 2 terminal applications
1A, 1B; 2A, 2B; _ _ _ _ _ 20A, 20B

Range of addresses for 3 terminal applications
1A, 1B, 1C; 2A, 2B, 2C; _ _ _ _ _20A, 20B, 20C
55
55
Communications Path for

Two Ended Application
Tx
Rx
End A
56
Rx
CH1
Tx
End B
56
Communications Path for

Three Ended Application
Rx CH1 CH2 Tx
P54x
Tx
Tx
CH2
Rx
End
B
P54x
End
C
CH1
Tx
Rx
57
Rx
Tx
Note: Full line

protection is
provided even
should one
communications
path fail
E.g. For A-B

channel fail, C
still offers line
protection and
will intertrip to A
and B in the
event of a fault
Rx
CH1
P54x
End
A
CH2
Rx
Tx
57
Dual Redundant Communication

Channels Option
CH1
CH2
Both channels are active - relays automatically select

the correct message should one channel fail
Hot Standby
58
58
Dual Redundant Communications
Relay A
Relay B
Multiplexer
59
59
Use of Mixed Comms.

CH1 and CH2 can be selected to operate with different
optical drivers, one 850nm, plus a direct fibre
connection:
CORTEC codes H to R:
60
60
Dual Redundant Communications

Showing mixed channels CH1 and CH2...
Direct Fibre
Relay B
Relay A
Multiplexer
MUX
61
61
Be Careful in Triangulated Schemes

with Mixed Comms Channels...
Rx CH1 CH2 Tx
P54x
1300nm
Tx
Tx
CH2
Rx
End
B
P54x
Tx
Rx
CH1
P54x
End
A
CH2
Rx
Tx
End
C
CH1
Tx
Rx
850nm
62
Rx
1300nm
End C has 850nm

CH1, and 1300nm
CH2
End A has 850nm

CH2, and 1300nm
CH1
CH1 and CH2 can

not be inverted
by settings
RELAY A AND
RELAY C WILL
NOT BE THE
SAME CORTEC
62
Additional Communications
Channel Functions
All models support two terminal (single or dual redundant

channel) or three terminal configurations
Remote terminal(s) current measurements polled on-line,
and stored in fault records
Communication error statistics
Digital signal ( InterMiCOM64 ) over differential
communications to remote end(s) - can be used to
configure distance and/or DEF protection aided schemes
Permissive intertrip
63
63
InterMiCOM 64
InterMiCOM64 is called in previous versions Intertrip
64
64
8 Programmable InterMiCOM (IM64)/Control

Commands, End - End
A
52
52
Single or dual fibre optic comms.

850nm
1300nm
1550nm
or MUX
&
> 1
PSL
8
8
&
> 1
PSL
8 digital signals from PSL end A - PSL end B for:

Commands
Distance and DEF aided channel schemes
Breaker fail backtrip to upstream CB
Force remote end A/R for successful local A/R
SCADA for remote end substation
65
65
InterMiCOM64
Signal selection, one way transmission shown for simplicity
link
LOCAL relay
(sending end)
4
6
Tx
Rx
comms
4
6
link
REMOTE relay
(receiving end)
Simplified example that shows assignment of digital signals 4

and 6 at local relay and their transmission to the remote relay
66
66
InterMiCOM64
Links in P54x
InterMiCOM64 In
InterMiCOM64 Out
8 In Signals and 8 Out signals are selected

via the toolbar for mapping
67
67
InterMiCOM64 Bit Setting Modes: Permissive and

Direct Intertrip
Speed
P e r m is s iv e
B lo c k in g
f a s te r
s lo w e r
lo w
h ig h
h ig h
S e c u r ity
D ire c t
In te r tr ip
D e p e n d a b ility
If InterMiCOM64 is used for teleprotection, two modes are

available: Direct trip and Permissive.
Since the uncorrupted message has to be received by the relay over
fiber, there would be no difference between those commands in terms
of speed, dependability or security, were just one message is used. For
extra security, if Intertripping is required, a Direct trip command is valid
after 2 consecutive received.
68
68
InterMiCOM 64
InterMiCOM64 can work:
With Differential protection or
Standalone
If no differential protection is used, InterMiCOM64 can
be set to work as a standalone feature and it will be
slightly faster compared with the one running along
differential comms and also will offer a pass though
feature explained here after
69
69
Chain Topology
Pass
Through
Rx CH1 CH2 Tx
P54x
Tx
Tx
CH2
Rx
End
B
P54x
End
C
CH1
Tx
Rx
Tx
Rx
CH1
P54x
End
A
CH2
Rx
When in a
triangulated
scheme with all
links (AB-BC-CA)
configured, the
relays
automatically
failsafe and
provide pass
through of data if
one leg fails.
When a scheme is deliberately intended to be applied in Chain

Topology, alarms for the deleted leg can be suppressed.
70
70
Differentiating Factor InterMiCOM64
Each programmable bit can be assigned a level of

security, dependability and speed, according
to its intended use.
There is no need to accept a compromise signalling
response of one size fits all.
Market Leading Technology

71
71
Additional permissive Intertrip

IB
F
Relay B
Relay A
Busbar
Relay
PIT=1
Data Message
-
Example shows interlocked overcurrent protection
72
Feeder fault seen within busbar zone

Remote end trip after set delay for PIT & current > Is1
72
Distance
73
73
Subcycle Transmission Network Protection

Subcycle tripping, single pole settable
Trip time includes conventional contact closure time

Full-scheme, non-switched distance protection
Mho and quadrilateral characteristics freely selectable
for phase and ground faults
Setting-free power swing blocking
No blinders or starter zones to set - universal application

InterMiCOM interface for teleprotection:
InterMiCOM64 for 56/64kBits/s digital links over fiber
74
74
P54x 50Hz, SIR = 5

40
30
Performance:
Subcycle up
to 75% Reach
20
10
75
50%
70%80%90%
75
P54x 60Hz, SIR = 5
40
Performance:
Subcycle up
to 75% Reach
30
20
10
76
50%
70% 80% 90%
76
Distance Elements
77
77
P54x distance protection - Introduction

P54x Use Superimposed Current
Compares pre-faulted system

Acts as a fault detector and faulted phase detector
Can quickly recognize evolving faults and power swings
Provides secure phase selection for complex fault conditions
Sensitive to any fault type
Proven Delta Techniques

78
78
Faulted = Unfaulted +
Superimposed
Fault
Prefault
Current:i rly
i mem
+
ir
= Superimposed
Proven Delta Techniques

79
79
Superimposed Components Simple Theory

No
C hange!
AB
C hange!
BC
C hange!
C A
2 cycle window
1 C y c le
C o m p a r is o n
80
1 C y c le
C o m p a r is o n
G r o u n d F a u lt,
P hase C
80
Distance Zones
Mho Characteristics
Z3
Zp
Z2
Z1
Available for Phase and Ground

Protection (21P and 21G)
Three independent Forward

zones
Z1, Z2, Z3 (Z3 optional

forward/reverse offset)
One Reverse zone

Z4
Programmable Fwd/Rev
zone
Zone p
Z4
81
81
Distance Protection - the Basics

1) Trip for internal fault
2) Stable for all loading
load import
ZLine
load export
Arc impedance with

Remote end infeed
Z load
R
Load impedance
region
82
82
Dynamic Rating of Transmission Lines
Main protection such as Distance Zones are designed to respond to FAULTS - response
time circa 15 to 25ms. The zones should not attempt overload protection. Overload
protection is dynamic, with time constants in minutes.
83
83
Loadability
Protection schemes are essential to detect faults on
transmission systems
Dependability - Must trip for in-zone faults

Must trip quickly to keep system stability, and minimize the
disturbance to the system
The protection must remain stable for out-of-zone

conditions
Security - Do not trip unfaulted circuits

Must remain stable under heavy loading, and defend the
network to prevent instability propagation
Spurious overload trips are not acceptable
84
84
Use of the Load Blinder to Avoid

Load Encroachment Trips
X
Z
Blinder
Angle
Load Area
Blinder Impedance
Setting
Blinder Allows Stability Notch around Load

85
85
Removal of Load
Blinder For Faults
X
Characteristic
Expansion
Rf
Load Area
Blinder disappears for volts below V<
Better Resisitive Coverage on Fault Inception

86
86
Quadrilateral Characteristics
Z3 (reverse offset)
Z2
Available for Phase and Ground

Protection (21P and 21G)
Independently selectable
Z1
eg. Mho phase + quad

ground fault
Zp
(if reverse
looking)
Z4
87
87
Quadrilateral Elements
jX
Z
Z1
Provides better ground fault

resistive coverage on short
lines (e.g. Arcing)
Load
R
R
F
R
set
Quads available Phase & Ground (21P, G)

88
88
Positive Sequence Impedance

Plot: Phase-Phase Elements
X
Z3
A
B
Rph
Z2
Fault impedance
Coverage
Z1
Rph/2
Z4
89
R
Rph is the reach
in the ph-ph loop
PPS sees Rph/2
NPS sees Rph/2
89
Setting Applied for Phase

Fault Detection
A-B Zone 1 shown:
IA - IB
ZS
Z1 Ph
Line Phase Reach
VS
VAB
Xab
Fault
Z1 ph
Z1
R1ph/2
90
R1 Ph / 2
Positive Sequence Model

Rab
90
Setting Applied for Ground

Fault Detection
A-N Zone 1 shown:
IA
ZS
Z1 Gnd
VA
VS
IA
Line Ground Reach

kZn x Z1 Gnd
IN
R1 Gnd
Fault
Line Residual Reach

Xab
Z1 ph
Group Loop Model
Z1
R1Gnd/(1+Kn)
91
Rab
91
Positive Sequence Impedance

Plot: Ground Elements
X
Z3
A
B
C
Z2
Fault impedance
Coverage
Z1
RGnd/(1+Kn)
Z4
92
RGnd
R
RGnd is the reach
in the ph-g loop
92
Negating Under / Overreach

Effects of Infeed
Ground Faults:
During a single phase to ground fault the Negative Phase Sequence current is approximately
in phase with the fault arc current
The reactance line of the Ground Quad Elements is polarized from Negative Sequence
Current
Under and overreach effects are minimized dynamically
A downwards tilt can be implemented on the reactance line
Phase Faults:
Removes the chance of a spurious trip

93
93
Sequence Diagram for

Resistive Ground Fault
ZS1A ZL1A ZL1B ZS1B
E
A
I1A
I1B
E
B
ZS2A ZL2A ZL2B ZS2B

I2A
I2B
Z2A
Z2B
ZS0A ZL0A ZL0B ZS0B

I0A
Z2A Z2B I 2A =
94
I2
B
3RF
IF
3
I0B
I F in which case I 2
A
IF
94
Preventing Zone - 1 Overreach

Quadrilateral Characteristic
Prefault power export
B
A
IA
EA
IB
IF
RF
jX
B
EB
RF
X
Allow reactance
line to tilt down
95
95
Preventing Zone - 2/3 Underreach

Prefault power import
A
IA
EA
IB
RF
EB
jX
B
X
Allow reactance
line to tilt up
RF
A
96
96
Easy Setting of Distance Protection

Zones (1)
GROUP 1
LINE PARAMETERS
Line Length
GROUP 1
DISTANCE SETUP
Setting Mode
Line Impedance
Digital Filter
Line Angle
CVT Filters
Residual Comp
SIR Setting
Residual Angle
Load Blinders
Mutual Comp
Load/ B Angle
Mutual cut-off (k)
Load Blinder V<
Trip Mode
ABC
CBA
CVT and
high SIR?
Load/ B Impedance
Mutual Angle
Phase Rotation
97
Protected
Line
Long Line?
Distance Polarising
% Memory?
97
Easy Setting of Distance Protection

Zones (2)
GROUP 1
LINE PARAMETERS
Line Length
GROUP 1
DISTANCE ELEMENTS
PHASE DISTANCE
Line Impedance
Z1 Phase Reach
Line Angle
Z1 Phase Angle
Residual Comp
GROUND DISTANCE
Residual Angle
Z1 Ground Reach
Mutual Comp
Z1 Ground Angle
Mutual Angle
Mutual cut-off (k)
Phase Rotation
%
Easy Set Mode:
Automatic Reach
Conversion
Z1 Residual Comp
Z1 Residual Angle
Trip Mode
98
98
Differentiating Factor P54x- CVT

Transient Filter
It is easy to design a relay that is subcycle without

CVTs, and then to add in a CVT filter that renders
it slower for most EHV applications.
The P54x CVT transient filter is only active when
the infeed is weak and the SIR is high. It is NOT a
permanent delay for the majority of faults, which
demand, AND GET subcycle clearance.
Open book policy: We are honest about trip times !

99
99
Distance Polarizing
100
100
LFZP Optimho and SHNB Micromho

Approximate Expansion of Shield
X
SIR = Zs/ZL
Source to line impedance ratio
SIR = 0
10
Rf
0.6Z
R
Z
Line
Length
1.7Z
< 0.5
0.5 - 4
4 - 30
Long ..
Medium ..
Short
Rf, Resistive Fault Coverage varies with SIR

101
101
P54x Best Settings for Short Lines to

Mimic LFZP Mho or Quadrilateral
X
SIR = Zs/ZL
Assumed = 10
Z
SIR
Typical
resistive
reach up
to 7 x Z
5
10
Rf
0.6Z
Line
Length
1.7Z
< 0.5
Long ..
0.5 - 4
4 - 30
Medium .. Short
Short Lines - Quadrilateral Characteristics Ideal

102
102
Best for Cable Feeders
Self Polarized Mho
Z
R
Self polarizing gives

insufficient expansion
Memory polarizing would
push fault impedances
off-angle
- Zs
Memory
polarized
Mho
Quadrilateral the best

option
Quadrilaterals Good for Any Short Feeders (Line or Cable)

103
103
Best Settings for Medium Lines to

Mimic LFZP Mho or Quadrilateral
X
SIR = Zs/ZL
Assumed = 3
SIR
5
10
Rf
0.6Z
Line
Length
Rf
Z
1.7Z
< 0.5
Long ..
0.5 - 4
Medium ..
4 - 30
Short
Polarizing: Ratio 1x Memory to 1 x Self

104
104
Best Settings for Long Lines

to Mimic LFZP or SHNB Mho
X
SIR = Zs/ZL
Assumed = 0.5
SIR = 0
5
10
Rf
Rf
0.6Z
Line
Length
1.7Z
< 0.5
Long ..
0.5 - 4
Medium .
4 - 30
. Short
Polarizing: Ratio 1x Memory to 1 x Self

105
105
Full Applicability to
Series Compensated Lines (1)
-jX
Z
S
R
F
-jX
Capacitor in Front
of Relay Location
Ratio 5 Mem : 1 Self
X
Z1
R
F
- 83% Z S
106
Mho expansion
covers 83% source
impedance
Forward fault still
correctly detected
forward
106
Full Applicability to
Series Compensated Lines (2)
-jX
Z
S
R
F
-jX
Capacitor Behind
the Relay Location
Ratio 5 Mem : 1 Self
X
Z1
- 83% Z S
107
Mho expansion
covers 83% source
impedance
Forward fault still
correctly detected
forward
107
Distance Polarizing
A distance relay needs secure voltage polarizing to
ensure:
Immunity to CVT transient effects - correct forward/reverse

reaction for close-in faults
Characteristic expansion for mho elements to boost

resistive fault coverage
Cross-polarizing from unfaulted phases where memory is

unavailable
Maintained optimum polarizing, even throughout power

swings
Open book policy:

The P54x meets all of these stringent requirements
No gimmicks, no trademarks, we just do it !
Fine tuned from in-house and customer simulator experience
108
108
Power Swing Blocking
109
109
Differentiating Factor - PSB (1)
Will detect ALL power swings whether fast or slow,

and ensure correct blocking of zones. Detects, and
remains stable for 3 and 2 phase swings - the
latter is especially important for the resulting
2 phase swing during single pole autoreclose!

110
110
Differentiating Factor - PSB (2)
The trip time for any fault occurring during a

power swing is exactly the same as had the
swing not been present.
No unblocking delay, no compromise.
Always a sub-cycle distance trip.

111
111
A power swing will result in continuous change of

current
Continuous output from the relay superimposed current
element can be used to block for a power swing
Using this method the relay is able to operate for faults
occurring during a power swing
All detection relies on delta elements with adaptive
thresholds - nothing for the user to set!
Setting-Free Power Swing / Out of Step

112
112

(Fault Condition)
PH1 :
Phase selector 1, starts PH2 and

activates PSB. Compares current
value with previous 2 cycles
PH2 :
Phase selector 2, enables distance

elements. Compares current value with
pre-fault value.
Power Swing / Out of Step

113
113
Phase Selector Operations:

Load + Fault Condition
Fault
PH1
PH2
114
114

(Power Swing and Fault)
Fault
Power
swing
3cycles
PH1
PH2
115
PSB active
& minimum
threshold
increased
PSB removed
Including 3 ph faults
115
Power Swing, Summary (1)

Locus of
power
swing
Load area
I
Power swings are detected by continuous superimposed

current presence - I.
Swings are detected much earlier than for conventional
devices - where the locus must cross into a band which
surrounds the trip characteristics.
No PSB start-up zone, no blinders (or load encroachment
issues), no timers to set setting-free.
Setting-Free Power Swing / Out of Step
116
116
Power Swing, Summary (2)
Fault
Inception
Continuous I
During Swing
Large I
Present
Relay trips for all faults occurring during a power swing

based on increased threshold of phase selector to 2 x
superimposed current in swing.
The power swing block is only removed for zones that
start within 2 cycles of fault detection to improve stability
for external faults.
117
117
Pilot / Aided Schemes
118
118
Channel Options for Aided Schemes,

Permissive and Blocking
GROUP 1
DIRECTIONAL FN
DEF SETTINGS
GROUP 1
DISTANCE SCHEMES
AIDED SCHEME 1
DEF Polarising
Aided 1 Dist dly
DEF Char Angle
tReversal Guard
DEF VNpol Set
WI Single Pole Trip
DEF V2pol Set
WI V< Threshold
DEF Threshold
WI Trip Delay
Directional
Ground 67N
IN> faults
Sensitive
Distance
Aided 21PILOT
PUR.. POR
WI.. block
All IEC and ANSI/IEEE Scheme Types

119
119
Switch on to Fault and

Trip on Reclose
120
TOR:
Enhanced protection on
Autoreclosure
In service 200ms after CB
open
SOTF (Line Check):

Enhanced protection for
Manual Closing
In service when CB open
for longer than a set tdelay or
after a settable pulse
120
Easy Set, and Easy Test:

Static Test Commissioning Setting
Many secondary injection test sets are not
designed to simulate a real dynamic fault.
To allow all test sets to be used with the relay there
is a Static Test Mode in the commissioning menu
Bypasses delta phase selection

Reverts to simple (non-delta) directional line
Cross polarizing replaces memory
No need to change test sets

121
121
Directional Earth Fault
122
122
Directional Earth Fault

Protection (DEF)
High resistance ground faults
Instantaneous or time delayed
IEC and IEEE curves
Single or three pole tripping in aided scheme
ZA0398
123
123
DEF Directional Security
Negative Sequence polarizing not affected by:
Zero sequence mutual coupling

Standing zero sequence
May be used in parallel line applications
Use of Healthy Phase polarizing is very secure:
Calculates -3V0 direction from the two unfaulted phases

No need for current polarizing even when 3V0 or V2 are
negligible
Virtual Current Polarizing

124
124
Differentiating Factor Virtual Current Polarizing of Aided DEF
All traditional DEF protection (ground fault pilot

protection scheme) relied on sufficient polarizing
voltage to make a directional decision. If this were
not available, current polarizing from an extra
CT input would be needed.
Virtual Current Polarizing ensures correct
directional polarizing, even with no residual voltage
generated, and without an extra CT input.

125
125
Healthy Phase (Zero Sequence)

Polarizing
A
FAULT
Va
Va
Vc
Vb
Vb
(P443/P445 and LFZR)

Can cover faults with no Vres
Phase selector removes Va
Residual = Vb + Vc
Always a voltage -Vres
Ia
Vb
Voltage set:
No fault
(All relays pre-LFZR)

Typical A-N fault:
A phase voltage falls
Result Vres
-Vres is OK to directionalize
Vc
Vres
Va
Ia
Vc
V residual
Virtual Current: to Calculate a pseudo (-Vres)

126
126
Aided Channel DEF Summary

Virtual current polarizing (VCP) ensures directionality,
even when a traditional polarizing voltage would be weak
or unreliable:
For series compensated lines, capacitor effects can cause

voltage inversion on the faulted phase. VCP uses voltages
from unfaulted phases, and will be unaffected.
For high resistive faults with weak zero sequence infeed, the
traditional 3.Vo polarizing voltage (and negative sequence V2
too) can be minimal, and risk being swamped by induced
noise on wiring. VCP uses voltages from unfaulted phases,
which will always be large enough for exact directionality.
Capacitor voltage transformer (CCVT) transient effects can

cause errors in faulted phase voltage. VCP uses voltages
from unfaulted phases, and will be unaffected.
Virtual Current Polarizing - a significant application advantage

127
127
Backup Protection
128
128
DEF Backup Overcurrent Protection

51P/51N/67
Four stages of directional/non-directional phase
overcurrent protection
I>1 and I>2 IDMT or definite time

I>3 and I>4 definite time (t=0, instantaneous)
Four stages of directional/non-directional earth fault
protection
IN>1 and IN>2 IDMT or definite time

IN>3 and IN>4 definite time (t=0, instantaneous)
Directional decision polarized from VN or V 2, allowing use
of open delta VTs
I> and IN> elements can be enabled permanently, or on

channel failure
129
129
SEF Backup Sensitive Earth Fault

51N/67N
Four stages of directional/non-directional sensitive earth

fault protection or wattimetric SEF
ISEF>1 and ISEF>2 IDMT or definite time

ISEF>3 and ISEF>4 definite time (t=0, instantaneous)
130
130
Backup Overcurrent Protection

51P/51N/67 IDMT Curves
IEC Curves
Operating Time (s)
1000
100
IEC SI
IEC VI
IEC EI
IEC LTS
IEEE Curves
Operating Time (s)
100
US MI
US VI
US EI
US I
US SI
10
10
1
1
0.1
0.1
1
10
100
Current (Multiples of Is)
131
1
10
100
Current (Multiples of Is)
131
Circuit Breaker Failure
Backtrip
Retrip
Trip
Two stage
Fast reset (12ms)
External initiation
One timer per
phase
BF
INIT
From other device
P544 and P546 models include one CB failure per each
circuit breaker
132
132
P54x Protection
Thermal Overload
I2t - Current-Based Thermal Image
I/IB
Typical Time
Constants
Step-Response:
Time
0 .8
Plant type
0 .4
Dry-type Tx
40-90
Overhead line 5 - 10
Busbars
60
Cables, jumpers 10-90
(t)
30
60
90
t/m in
100 %
64 %
Flexible characteristics
= 3 0 m in
Reset facility
16 %
0
133
30
60
90
t/m in
Non-volatile
133
Broken Conductor Protection (1)
Majority of system faults are a result of short circuits
Easily detectable
Possibility of open circuit faults exist
Difficult to detect with conventional protection
134
134
Broken Conductor Detection (2)
Existing detection methods;
Combination of under/overcurrent logic

Negative phase sequence overcurrent
Consider suitability for all load conditions
Px40 uses a ratio technique:
I2 / I1 is high for open circuit fault condition

Benefit: Load conditions have minimal effect
P54x: Reliable to Detect Short AND Open Ccts.

135
135
Voltage Protection
Reasons for voltage deviations
Regulation problems
Load variation
Fault conditions
Requirements of protection depends upon application

Line or phase voltage measurement
Operation for all or any phase
Alarm/Trip
Relay offers: Two stage V>, Two stage V<, Two stage VN>
Phase/Line and Residual Voltage

136
136
Residual Voltage Protection, VN>

Helps to trip the tee-feed breaker
Vres
Weak backfeed of I1PPS, I2NPS,

but no residual current infeed
Delta tee-off transformers trap Iresidual
137
137
VT and CT Supervision
138
138
MiCOM Differential
CT Supervision (CTS)
139
139
MiCOM Differential CTS
Suitable for all differential applications

Operates without the need for VT information
Operates on all system configurations
No special relay hardware required
Operates for 1 or 2 phase CT problems and identifies which set of CT s is affected
No settings required
Differential CTS
Useful Innovation
140
140
Conventional CTS Schemes
Presence of IO without VO
Used on many MiCOM devices (P14x, P34x, P44x)

Relies on suitable VT s being available
Persistent IDIFF for a given time delay
Traditional approach used on busbar protections

Relies on dual algorithm or CT s to prevent maloperations until time delay expires
Conventional CTS not suitable

for all applications
141
141
Differential CTS - Principles (1)
Ratio of Negative to Positive sequence current is measured at each CT set
If ratio is zero (or small) either unloaded, balanced load, three phase fault or
three phase CT problem
If ratio is non-zero, either asymmetric fault or CT problem

Ratio calculated at all CT ends
If ratio is non-zero at two (or more ends) simultaneously, it is almost certainly a

genuine fault condition & unlikely to be a CT problem
142
142
Ratio of Negative to Positive sequence current cannot distinguish between genuine faults and
CT problems
Additional criteria is positive sequence (load) current,
I1
Better detection criteria than phase currents

Considering a situation where the ratio is non-zero at one end only
If I1 only detected at one end, system is unloaded and therefore calculated non-zero ratio is due to a
single-end fed fault or inrush condition
If I1 detected at two (or more) ends, this is a CT problem or sympathetic inrush on parallel transformers
143
143

Simplified Logic Diagram (1)
I1 End X
I1 End Y
I1 End Z
2
OR
Inrush Detector
Inhibit CTS
OR
I2/I1 End X
40%
I2/I1 End Y
5%
I2/I1 End Z
5%
CTS Condition Detected

(see next page)
&
&
Timer
CTS End X
&
&
Timer
CTS End Y
&
&
Timer
CTS End Z
5%
40%
5%
5%
5%
40%
144
144

Simplified Logic Diagram (2)
CTS Condition Detected

(from previous page)
Timer
CTS Reset Input
S
Q
Activate
CTS Oper.
(Latched)
Idiff> (CTS)
OR
R
CTS Oper.
(Self Reset)
&
145
145

Differential characteristic shift
I diff
Trip
No trip
Idiff> (CTS)
I bias
Idiff>
146
Alarm mode:
set Idiff> (CTS) = Idiff>
Restrain Mode:
set Idiff> (CTS) > Max phase load current
146
MiCOM Differential CTS - Summary
Suitable for all differential applications

Operates without the need for VT information
Operates on all system configurations
No special relay hardware required
Operates for 1 or 2 phase CT problems and identifies which set of CT s is effected
No settings required
Differential CTS
Useful Innovation
147
147
VT Supervision (1)
A
B
C
1 and 2
logic
3 on load
logic
3 on
energisation
logic
Alarms
VTS
Event record
Blocking
Adaptive setting
MCB digital
input
P54x detects all VT circuit problems: 1ph, 2ph or 3ph.

148
148
VT Supervision (2)
Loss of all 3 phase voltages

under load
P54x
I
&
Voltage
collapse
VTS alarm
VTS block
LCD
Event records
P54x detects all VT circuit problems: 1ph, 2ph or 3ph.

149
149
VT Supervision (3)
Loss of all 3 phase voltages

upon line energization
P54x
VTS I>
Inhibit
&
No
Voltage
VTS alarm
VTS block
LCD
Event records
P54x detects lack of fuselinks/open MCB on CB closure too

150
150
Autoreclose and Check Synchronism
151
151
Integrated Autorecloser with

Check Synchronism (modelsP543 and P545)
Up to four reclose shots:
First high speed shot can be single pole

Three delayed AR shots
Selection of elements to initiate or block AR
Check synchronism function allows:
Live line/live bus in synchronism AR

Live line/dead bus AR
Dead line/live bus AR
Safety checking prior to manual CB close authorization
152
152
P54x CT connections
153
153
P54x CT connections
All models support ABC and ACB phase rotation
A
Standard and Inverted CT polarity setting for each set of CTs in

the relay
154
154
Platform Functions
155
155
Alternative Setting Groups

for Switched Feeding
Setting selection
inputs
Active
group
SETTING GROUP 4
SETTING GROUP 3
SETTING
GROUP
2 1
SETTING
GROUP
Setting O/C elements
Range
Setting O/C elements
Range
...
Step size
Step size
Four setting groups

are available
156
156
Spare Line Relay Applications
SCADA
RLY
(RLY)
F1
F2
RLY
F3
F1 Breaker is
bypass fed
SCADA selects F1
settings group
Relay protects F1
Switched Feeding Needs Alternative Group

157
157
Fault and Disturbance Records
Prefault
Postfault
Analog channels
Digital channels
Sample 48 times per cycle
2.4kHz Resolution at 50Hz
MiCOM
S1 saves file in the

COMTRADE format for advanced fault diagnostics
Fault location:
Distance to fault
V and I measurements
158
158
Distance to Fault Locator

P54x Offers additional Mutual
Current Compensation
16km
10mil
16%3.8
es
159
159
Bay Monitoring
CB state/discrepancy monitoring
CB condition monitoring:
Number of Trip operations

Sum of broken current; Ix
(1.0 <= x <= 2.0)
CB operating time
CB operations during period
Condition based maintenance
Extends Monitoring Outside the Relay

160
160
Programmable Scheme Logic

Px40 relays contain powerful PSL, for customizing
protection and control functionality where required
An internal programmable logic controller, set via MiCOM

S1
Comprises AND, OR, PROGRAMMABLE, MAJORITY, NOT,

NAND and NOR gate functions.
Internal timers for sequencing, and general delays

Permits latching of output contacts and LEDs
Use for extra protection functions such as Trip Circuit
Supervision, and customized control (eg. Interlocking).
No inherent delay, designed to avoid race problems

161
161
Remote Communication
162
162
Remote Communications
Courier
IEC 60870-5-103
DNP3.0
Digital Control
Systems
IEC61850 (Soon)
(MODBUS not planned)

163
163
MiCOM Px4x Platform

Communication Interface
Scope of Communication Interfaces
(June 2006)
Courier
Measurements
Status
Controls
Records
Fault Location
Disturbances
Settings
Peer - Peer
DNP3
X
X
164
IEC103 61850
X
X
Public
Private
Not supported by protocol
164
Ethernet Interface (P*40)

Ethernet + IRIG-B card options will be as follows:
- 100Mb Fiber Optic (ST type) + 10/100Mb
Copper (RJ45 type)
Copper (RJ45 type) + modulated IRIG-B
Copper (RJ45 type) + un-modulated IRIG-B
Modulated or demodulated IRIGB

10 Base-T/100Base-TX (RJ45)
100 Base-FX (ST type)
165
165
Typical Example Showing Use of

Two Rear Comm. Ports
Modem
CK222
RS232
MiCOM S1 software
CENTRAL PROCESSOR
RS232
Modem
POWER SUPPLY
R.T.U.
RS485
Multiple rear ports
Com 1
RS232 Front
port connection
166
Com 2
CK222
RS485
CK222 not needed where

either MODEM or RTU
accept RS485 directly
166
Hotkeys
167
167
Example use of Hotkeys for

Switching Functions In/Out of Service
1) Enable Hotkeys
2) Select Response and Text Label
3) Map in the PSL
168
168
Function keys
169
169
P54x Features
Function Key-Settings
Setting
Function Keys
FUNCTION KEYS
Fn Key Status
Fn Key 1
Fn Key 1 Mode
Fn Key 1 Label
Fn Key 2
Fn Key 2 Mode
Fn Key 2 Label
Up to
Fn Key 10
Fn Key 10 Mode
Fn Key 10 Label
LED Status Red
LED Status Green
Range
Default Value
Visible / Invisible
Column Heading
1111111111
Locked / Unlocked /
Disabled
Normal / Toggled
16 Characters
Locked / Unlocked /
Disabled
Normal / Toggled
16 Characters
Enable
Locked / Unlocked /
Disabled
Normal / Toggled
16 Characters
111111111111111111
111111111111111111
Unlocked
Data
Unlocked
Normal
Function Key 1
Unlocked
Normal
Function Key 2
Normal
Function Key 10
Data
Data
P54x Features
P54x PSL - Function Keys + Tri-Color LEDS
Function Keys
Tri-colour LEDs
171
171
Backwards compatibility
Relay Type : P543, P544, P545 and P546 Hardware
Relay
Suffix
Software
Compatibility
S1 Version
Compatibility
05x
2.00 or later
B,G,J and K
11x
2.03 or later
12x,13x
2.05 or later
B,G,J and K
20x
2.09 or later
B,G,J and K
30x
2.11 or later
B,G,J and K
40x and 50x
2.12 or later
With x = letter indicating minor software change

If a relay suffix K is talking with a relay suffix B,G or J, a monitor bit
labelled H/W B to J mode in Measurement 4/Channel status will
become 1
172
172
P54x Main Protection

Unit Protection Relays
Main Protection
21/21G
Trafos
A/R
25SC
1.5 CB
I/O
optional in zone
P543
16/14
P544
16/14
P545
24/32
P546
24/32
173
Distance is an option in all models

P543 and P545 are suitable for transformer in zone applications
P544 and P546 are suitable for mesh corner or CB applications
All models may also be used in conventional non-SDH
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MiCOM P54x Series

Summary
The flexible combination of a current differential unit , a full scheme
distance and a phase segregated aided directional earth fault protection,
provides a COMPLETE SOLUTION FOR ANY TYPE OF FAULT ON THE
POWER SYSTEM.
This relay could becomes the standard in all HV, EHV and UHV line
protection applications, duplicated where dual redundant main
protection is demanded.
The Differential protection gives high sensitivity and phase selectivity
The high performance distance protection with mho and quadrilateral
characteristics makes the relay suitable for all sort of lines; cables,
lines, short or longs.
Comprehensive aided DEF schemes , backup protections, AR etc
No need for panel mounted instruments
NO and NC contacts along with graphical PSL allow interlocking
schemes etc to be configured
Self monitoring removes the need for extensive periodic injection testing
Condition monitoring of CB bay aids maintenance scheduling
Hotkeys and function keys for easy trip/close commands, and in/out
on/off switching of control functions
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P54x Suffix K

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P54x Suffix K

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MiCOM P54x Series Suffix K

Current Differential and Distance Protection Relays

MiCOM P54x Introduction

Universal mho characteristics

Optional phase segregated aided

> Title of presentation - Date - References

MiCOM Protection Portfolio

Frequency Protection Relays

Autoreclose, Breaker Fail ...

Busbar Protection Schemes

Transformer Protection Relays

Line Differential and Distance Relays

Distance Protection Relays

Generator Protection Relays

Universal Motor Protection Relay

Feeder Management Relays

> Title of presentation - Date - References

P54x - Models Available

If a relay is fitted with OPTIONAL distance, it will

> Title of presentation - Date - References

P54x suffix K use

If Distance protection is fitted:

Alternatively, each zone can be set independently to work in

> Title of presentation - Date - References

> Title of presentation - Date - References

Current Differential Principle

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Three Ended Line Protection

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Current Differential - Advantages

No voltage transformers needed

> Title of presentation - Date - References

All Digital/Numerical Design

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Main Features of P54x Relay

Fully numerical design

> Title of presentation - Date - References

Current Differential Protection

BENEFITS OFFERED BY DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

Phase segregated protection

Includes 8 freely-programmable commands (per channel)

Powerful error checking for secure signalling

> Title of presentation - Date - References

16 bit analogue to digital conversion

(48 samples/cycle in Disturbance Record)

Proven best noise immunity in difficult applications

Vector transform for time alignment

> Title of presentation - Date - References

Current Measurement and

> Title of presentation - Date - References

Current Measurement and

> Title of presentation - Date - References

Differential data message format

> Title of presentation - Date - References

Data Message Format

Start flag (01111110) for message synchronisation

> Title of presentation - Date - References

Current Differential Characteristic

> Title of presentation - Date - References

Propagation Delay Problem

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Propagation Delay Compensation

Asynchronous sampling (proven in LFCB and P54x)