AMPLITUDE

MODULATION

MODULATION
- is defined as the process of impressing a low
frequency signal onto a high frequency signal.
Low frequency
Modulating

The same

Frequency
Information Frequency
Information Frequency = ( 20 Hz - 20 KHz )
Voice Frequency = ( 300 Hz - 3400 Hz )
High Frequency - immune to noise
Low Frequency - susceptible to noise

Why is there a need for Modulation ?

1. Low frequency signal is easily interfered
with noise.
2. Transmission and reception of low frequency
signal is impossible due to large antenna
requirement.
Consider:
Modulating frequency = 1 KHz

/2

/2

Modulating Signal

/2
/4

/4

Dipole Antenna

FREQUENCY MODULATION
- is defined a s the process of changing the
frequency of a high frequency signal in accordance
to the amplitude of a low frequency signal..
+v
0

Modulating Signal

-v
+v
0
-v

Frequency Modulation

PHASE MODULATION
- is defined a s the process of changing the phase of
a high frequency signal in accordance to the
amplitude of a low frequency signal..
+v
0

Modulating Signal

-v
+v
0
-v

Phase Modulation

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
- is defined as the process of changing the
amplitude of a high frequency signal in accordance
to the amplitude of a low frequency signal..
+v
0

Modulating Signal

-v
+v
0
-v

Amplitude Modulation

Training Objectives:
After completing this subject, the
Trainee will be able to ;
Describe circuit conditions necessary for
modulation.
Identify components of the modulated
waveform.
Determine the depth or percentage of
modulation.

100v

fc

e = 100 sin ct
Eo

75v
100v

75v

fa

e = 75 sin at

100v

fc

e = 100 sin ct
Eo

75v
100v

75v

fa

e = 75 sin at

100v

fc
Eo

75v
100v

75v

fa

100v

fc

e = 100 sin ct
Eo

75v
100v

75v

fa

e = 75 sin at

Conclusion:
In order to produce an Amplitude Modulated
Wave, a low frequency signal and a high frequency
signal must be combined in a non-linear device.

Frequency components produced in a nonlinear device :

DC level
Component at each of the two original
frequencies ( fa and fc )
Components at the sum and difference of the two
original frequencies (fc + fa) and (fc - fa)
Harmonics of the original frequencies
(2fa, 3fa, 2fc, 3fc )

Frequency components contain in an

Amplitude Modulated Wave :
Carrier Frequency (fc )
Upper Sideband Frequency (fc + fa)
Lower Sideband Frequency (fc - fa)

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
a

b c

Amplitude Modulated Waveform

Example :
For a 1MHz carrier and a 1 KHz modulating
voltage combining in a modulator circuit, what are
the frequencies appearing across the output of the
resonant tank circuit?

Answer :
Carrier Frequency (1MHz )
Upper Sideband Frequency (1MHz + 1KHz)
Lower Sideband Frequency (1MHz - 1KHz)

Symbols

Definition

modulation factor

M
fc

percent modulation
carrier frequency

fa
fus

audio frequency
upper sideband frequency

fls
Esm
Ecm

lower sideband frequency

max. sideband voltage
max. carrier voltage

Symbols

Definition

Emax

maximum voltage

Emin
Ec
Eum

minimum voltage
rms value of carrier voltage
max. upper sideband voltage

Elm

max. lower sideband voltage

Eu

rms value of upper sideband

voltage
rms value of lower sideband
voltage

El

Symbols

Definition

c
a

angular velocity of carrier freq.

angular velocity of modulating freq

c + a

pt

angular velocity of upper sideband

frequency
angular velocity of lower sideband
frequency
Total power contained in AM wave

ps

Total sideband power component

c - a

Symbols

Definition

pt

Total power contained in AM wave

ps

Total sideband power component

pc

Carrier power component

pu

Upper sideband power component

pl

Lower sideband power component

Load resistance or antenna

resistance

mt

Total modulation factor

DEPTH OF MODULATION or
MODULATION FACTOR
- is defined as the ratio of the total sideband
magnitude to the carrier component magnitude.

Esm
Ecm

- peak value of total sideband voltage

- peak value of the carrier voltage

AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Esm = 50v

Ecm = 100v

t
-Ecm = 100v

-Esm = 50v

Amplitude Modulation

AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Esm = 50v

Ecm = 100v

Amplitude Modulation

AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Esm = 50v

Ecm = 100v
2Emax

2Emin

-Ecm = 100v

-Esm = 50v

Amplitude Modulation

30

2Emax

2Emin

10

AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Esm = 10v
A
Ecm = 20v
B

Amplitude Modulation

Exercise :
1.
Calculate the depth of modulation when
Ecm=100V and Esm=60V.
2.
Calculate the depth of modulation when Emax=40V
and Emin=20V.
3.

Using the partial modulated RF envelope as shown;

50V

49V

Calculate the following :

a. m
b. Ecm
c. Esm

GENERAL MODULATION FORMULA

75 sin 2fat

Esm= 75v

Ecm= 100v

e = Ecm sin 2fct

Figure 9. AM Envelope Representation

Envelope is expressed as
envelope = 100 + 75 sin 2fat

GENERAL MODULATION FORMULA

for the general case
envelope = Ecm + Esm sin at

(4)

Substituting mEcm for Esm

envelope = Ecm + mEcm sin at

(5)

Multiplying w/ the RF Factor (sin 2fct)

envelope = (Ecm + mEcm sin at) (sin ct)
Expanding
envelope = Ecm sin ct + mEcm sin ct sin at
Carrier

Total Sideband

(6)

Figure 10. Development of an

AM Wave

175
Ecm

e = Ecm sin ct + mEcm sin at sinct

(a) Composite Amplitude Modulated Envelope

100
0

Ecm

-100
-175

Ecm
e = Ecm sin ct

100
0

(b) Sinusoidal Carrier Component

Ecm

-100

Esm

75

e = mEcm sin at sin ct

(c) Non-Sinusoidal Total Sideband Component

Esm

-75

GENERAL MODULATION FORMULA

envelope = Ecm sin ct + mEcm sin ct sin at
Carrier

(6)

Total Sideband

Substituting the trigonometric identity:

sin A sin B = -1/2 cos ( A+B) + 1/2 cos ( A-B)
e = Ecm sin ct + mEcm [-1/2 cos (ct + at) + 1/2 cos (ct - at)]
e = Ecm sin ct
Carrier

mEcm
2

cos (ct + at)

Upper Sideband

mEcm
2

cos (ct - at)

Lower Sideband

GENERAL MODULATION FORMULA

Since = 2f
e = Ecm sin 2fct

mEcm

cos (2 fct + 2fat ) +

mEcm
2

cos (2 fct - 2 fat)

(7)

Factoring 2t
e = Ecm sin 2fct

Carrier

mEcm
2

cos2t (fc + fa ) +

Upper Sideband

mEcm
2

cos2t (fc - fa )

Lower Sideband

(8)

GENERAL MODULATION FORMULA

e = Ecm sin 2fct

mEcm

Carrier

cos2t (fc + fa ) +

Upper Sideband

mEcm
2

cos2t (fc - fa )

Lower Sideband

Equation (8) states that :

The upper sideband (USB) is sinusoidal with a frequency of (fc + fa )
The lower sideband (LSB) is sinusoidal with a frequency of (fc - fa )
The USB phase is -cos at time 0 of the audio modulating cycle.
The LSB phase is +cos at time 0 of the audio modulating cycle.
The Carrier phase is +sin at time 0 of the audio modulating cycle.

(8)

GENERAL MODULATION FORMULA

Substitute the equality Esm= mEcm
e = Ecm sin 2fct

Esm
2

cos2t (fc + fa ) +

Esm
2

cos2t (fc - fa )

(9)

cos2t (fc - fa )

(8)

Apply equation 8 to figure 11

e = Ecm sin 2fct

Carrier

mEcm
2

cos2t (fc + fa ) +

Upper Sideband

mEcm
2

Lower Sideband

GENERAL MODULATION FORMULA

1. Waveform (a) is the carrier component (fc )
eC = Ecm sin 2fct

(10)

2. Waveform (b) is the upper sideband component (fc + fa )

eU =

mEcm

cos2t (fc + fa )

(11)

cos2t (fc - fa )

(12)

2
3. Waveform (c) is the lower sideband component (fc - fa )
eL = +

mEcm

2
4. Waveform (d) is the total sideband component
eS =

mEcm
2

cos2t (fc + fa ) +

mEcm
2

cos2t (fc - fa )

(13)

GENERAL MODULATION FORMULA

5. Waveform (e) is the composite AM envelope (fc )
e = Ecm sin 2fct

Carrier

mEcm
2

cos2t (fc + fa ) +

Upper Sideband

mEcm
2

cos2t (fc - fa )

Lower Sideband

6. Waveform (f) is the audio modulating voltage drawn for reference

(8)

t0
(a) Carrier Component ( fc )
e = Ecm sin 2fct

(b) Upper Sideband ( fc + fa)

mEcm
e=cos2t (fc + fa )
2
(c) Lower Sideband ( fc - fa)
e=+

mEcm
2

cos2t (fc - fa )

(d) Total Sideband

e=-

mEcm
cos2t (fc + fa )
2
mEcm
+
cos2t (fc - fa )
2

(e) Composite Envelope

mEcm
e = Ecm sin 2fct cos2t (fc + fa )
2
mEcm
+
cos2t (fc - fa )
2

(f) Audio Modulating Voltage

( Drawn as Reference Only )

t+90

t+180 t+270 t+360

t+540

t+720

1 KHz

2 KHz

99 KHz

Figure 12.

100 KHz

101 KHz

Plot of Frequency Spectrum

200 KHz

Sideband Phase

+
Figure 13.

Reversal of RF Phase of Sidebands with Respect to Carrier

PHASOR REPRESENTATION OF THE AMPLITUDE

MODULATED WAVE
Y

-Y

90

180

270

360

PHASOR REPRESENTATION OF THE AMPLITUDE MODULATED WAVE

Y
E2

e1=E1m sin (t + 30 )

E1

e2=E2m sin (t + 60 )

60
30

e3=E3m sin (t 30 )

-X

X
-30

-Y

E3

Phasor Plot of Three Voltages

E1

E3

E2

30

-30

60
0

90

180

270

360

PHASOR REPRESENTATION OF THE AMPLITUDE MODULATED WAVE

Y
E2

e1=E1m sin (t + 30 )

30
X

E1

e2=E2m sin (t + 60 )
- 60

e3=E3m sin (t 30 )

E3

-Y

E1

Phasor Plot of Three Voltages

E3

E2

- 60

30

90

180

270

360

-X

PHASOR REPRESENTATION OF THE AMPLITUDE MODULATED WAVE

Y
+ cos

e1=E1m sin t

E3

E4

e2=E2m sin (t + 60 )

E2

30

120

e3=E3m cos t

90

e4=E4m cos (t + 30 )

60

sin

+ sin
E1

cos

Y
E 3 E2

E4

E1

Phasor Plot of Four Voltages

60
90
120
270

90

180

270

360

Y
+ cos

sin

+ sin

cos

Sine-cosine Coordinate Axes

PHASOR REPRESENTATION OF THE AMPLITUDE MODULATED WAVE

+ cosine

e1=E1m sin (t + 20 )
E6

e2=E2m -sin ( t + 20 )

+30

- 45

E3

e3=E3m cos (t 45 )

E1

e4=E4m -cos (t 45 )
e5=E5m -cos (t + 30 )
e6=E6m cos (t + 30 )

+20

sin

+ sin

X
+20
E2

E4

- 45

+30

E5

cosine

Sine-cosine Phasor Plot.

Carrier and Sideband Phasor

e = Ecm sin 2fct

mEcm
2

cos2t (fc + fa ) +

mEcm
2

cos2t (fc - fa )

Upper Sideband Phasor

Carrier Phasor
c

Ecm

Ecm

c + m

Carrier and Sideband Phasor

Lower Sideband Phasor
c - m
Ecm

LSB

Ecm

USB

Figure 20. Carrier Reference Phasor at 0

LSB

(a)

LSB
C

USB

USB
C

USB

USB
C

LSB

45

USB
C

LSB

90

USB
C

LSB

135

LSB

LSB

LSB

180

USB

225

LSB
C

USB

270

USB

315

360

U+L
C
0
-C
-(U-L)

(b)

LSB

C
USB LSB

C
USB

USB

LSB

C
USB

C
LSB

USB

LSB

C
USB

LSB

LSB

USB

LSB

USB

Figure 21. Waveforms for 8 RF Cycles During 1 Audio Cycle.

c
b
a

1 Cycle of Audio
d

i
f

h
g

360
1000 Cycle of Carrier

Figure 22. Waveform for 1000 KHz Modulated at 1KHz

L
L
U
U

U
(a) At Zero Degrees

(b) At 45
(125 RF Cycles)

(c) At 90
(250 RF Cycles)

L
Ecm

U
U
(d) At 135
(375 RF Cycles)

(e) At 180
(500 RF Cycles)
L

(f) At 225
(625 RF Cycles)
L

L
U
U
(g) At 270
(750 RF Cycles)

(h) At 315
(875 RF Cycles)

U
(i) At 360
(1000 RF Cycles)

Figure 23. Phasor Diagrams for each 45 of an Audio Cycle

POWER IN AN AMPLITUDE MODULATED WAVES

TRAINING OBJECTIVES :
Upon completion of this topic you will be able to:
Determine relationships between carrier power,
sideband power, total power and percentage of
modulation.
Use power formulas to calculate values of power
in carrier and sidebands.

Power In a Pure Resistance

e = Em sin t

i = Im sin t
Em sin t or Im sin t

TIME

P=EI
P = ( Em sin t ) ( Im sin t )

(14)

Power In An Amplitude Modulated Waves

Power In a Pure Resistance

By obtaining the product of e and i
P = Em Im sin2 t
By trigonometric identity
sin2 t = 1/2 - 1/2 cos 2t
By substituting identity
P=

EmIm
2

EmIm cos 2t

(15)

Power In An Amplitude Modulated Waves

Em Im
2

E m Im

- Em Im cos2t
2
2

E m Im

Em Im

2
0

-Em Im
Em Im cos2t

TIME

Em sin t or Im sin t

POWER IN A RESISTIVE CIRCUIT

Power In a Pure Resistance

Average Power =

EmIm

(16)

Example 1.
Given the rms values of current and voltage where E = 65 volts
and I = 2.6 amperes, compute the average power, effective power and
the maximum instantaneous power.

Power In An Amplitude Modulated Waves

Some power formulas

1. Average Power
2. Effective Power

=
=
=

3. Peak Power
4. Peak Power

EmIm
2
Em
2
EmIm

= 2 x Effective power
=

Em 2
R
Em 2

5. Effective Power

Im

=
=

R
2
Em 2
2R

Power In An AM Wave (Single Audio Modulating Frequency)

e = Ecm sin ct

mEcm
2

cos (ct + at)

mEcm
2

cos (ct - at)

(17)

Carrier Power
Pc =
Pc =
Pc =
Pc =

Ec2
R
(Ecm x .707) 2

(18)

R
(Ecm 2 x .5)
R
Ecm 2
2R

(19)

Power In An Amplitude Modulated Waves

Power In An AM Wave (Single Audio Modulating Frequency)

e = Ecm sin ct

mEcm
2

cos (ct + at)

mEcm
2

cos (ct - at)

(17)

Sideband Power
PU =
PU =
PU =
PU =

EU2
R
(EUm x .707) 2

(20)

R
(EUm 2 x .5)
R
EUm 2
2R

(21)

Power In An Amplitude Modulated Waves

Power In An AM Wave (Single Audio Modulating Frequency)

By substituting Esm/2 = Eum into equation (21)
Esm
PU =

PU =

2
2R
Esm 2
8R

(22)

By substituting mEcm = Esm into equation (22)

PU =

PU =

(mEcm )2
8R
(m )2 (Ecm )2
8R

(23)

Power In An Amplitude Modulated Waves

Power In An AM Wave (Single Audio Modulating Frequency)

Since USB power = LSB power
P s = P U + PL

(24)

Ps = 2 x (PU )
Ps = 2
Ps =

Ps =

8R

8R

Ps = 2 x (PU )
Ps = 2

Esm2
Esm2

Also, substituting Eq. (23) for PU

m2Ecm2
8R
m2Ecm2
4R

(26)

(25)

Power In An Amplitude Modulated Waves

Power In An AM Wave (Single Audio Modulating Frequency)

By factoring Equation (26)
Ps =

m2

Ecm2

2R

Example 1.
A carrier component of 40 watts
and a total sideband component of 8 watts
are radiated from an antenna. What is the
modulation factor?

(27)

From Equation (19)

Ecm 2
= Pc
2R
Substituting into Equation (27)
Ps =

m2
2

Pc

(28)

Power In An Amplitude Modulated Waves

Power In An AM Wave (Single Audio Modulating Frequency)

Total Power in AM Wave
(29)

Pt = Pc + Ps
= Pc +

m2

Pc

= Pc 1 +

m2

(30)

1+

a. Modulation Factor, m
b. Carrier power component, Pc
c. Total sideband power,Ps
d. Instantaneous voltage at time B
.

Pt

Pc =

Example 2.
The amplitude modulated
envelope shown is applied to a 70 ohm
resistive load. A total power of 400 watts is
developed in the load. Determine the:

(31)
2

8
B

Power In An Amplitude Modulated Waves

Power And modulation percentage

Example 3.
By the use of equation (30), show the power relation between P c
and Pt for the condition m = 1.
Example 4.
Determine the sideband power required for 50% modulation of
a 100 watt carrier.

Simultaneous Modulation By Two or More Audio Frequency

Composite m =

m12 + m22 + m32 + ...

Power In An Amplitude Modulated Waves