Escolar Documentos
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ACUITY
Edalyn R. Capili
Metropolitan Medical Center
College of Medicine
DEFINITION OF TERMS
VISUAL ACUITY
ability to resolve fine details and contours of objects
FOCAL POINT
where light rays cross
NEAR POINT / LEAST DISTANCE OF DISTINCT VISION
point nearest to the eye at which an object is visible distinctly
minimum distance from the eye an object can be clearly focused with
maximum accommodation
PUPIL
a rounded opening through which light passes
SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT
attached to the ciliary body and are fibers that hold the lens in its upright
position in the eye
ACCOMMODATION
ability of the eye to focus differentially for objects of near vision (< 6 m, or
20 feet)
The subject
was asked to
stand 20 ft.
away from
the Snellens
Chart.
The subject
was asked to
read the
letters
progressively
up to the
small letters.
Repeat the
procedure to
the other eye
and record
results.
Jaegers
Chart was
positioned
14 in. away
from the
subject.
Subject was
asked to read
the
paragraphs
progressively
to smaller
size.
Repeat the
procedure to
the other eye
and record
results.
Methodology
(Near Point of Distinct Vision)
Test card is held in front of the subject at a
normal reading distance and he is told to select
the smallest type which he can read.
Results
Near Vision
OS (Left Eye)
OD (Right Eye)
0.37 m
0.37 m
Far Vision
OS (Left Eye)
OD (Right Eye)
20/15
20/10
Discussion
Visual Acuity Test
MECHANISMOFACCOMMODATION
Contraction pulls
ligament forward
relaxing tension on
suspensory ligament
making the lens fatter
University of Jordan
ACCOMMODATION
Refractive power of the lens is 20 diopters.
Refractive power can be increased to 34 diopters by changing shape of the
lens - making it fatter (more convex).
Accommodation is necessary to focus the image on the retina.
Normal image on the retina is upside down.
When shifting the gaze from far object to near object, the process of
accomodation involves:
Making the lens more convex
Narrowing the pupillary diameter
Adducting (vergence) both eyes
When the lens is in a relaxed state with no tension exerted on the edges of
its capsule, it assumes nearly spherical shape owing to its own intrinsic
elastic properties.
When the inelastic zonule fibers attached to the lens perimeter become taut
and pulled radially by their attachment to the inactive ciliary muscle.
Distant object
move towards the
eyes
Increase firing of
parasympathetic
nervous system
Suspensory
ligament relaxes
Contraction of
meridional and
circular ciliary
muscles
Lens become
thicker and
increases its
refractive power
Eye focuses on
near objects
nearer than when
eye has less
refractive power
NORMAL
A person can see detail from 20 ft away
20/200
<20/20
LEGAL BLINDNESS
reduced central visual acuity of 20/200 or less in your better
eye with use of the best eyeglass lens to correct your eyesight; or
limitation of your field of view such that the widest diameter of the
visual field in your better eye subtends an angle no greater than 20
degrees.
Small aperture
Always in focus
Retina can be
displaced
considerably
and image
remains sharp!
REFRACTIVE ERRORS
Causes
Correction
MYOPIA
HYPEROPIA
PRESBYOPIA
ASTIGMATISM
Nearsightedness
Farsightedness
Old
sightedness
Eyeball too
short
Inelasticity of
lens
Uneven
curvature of
cornea
Denaturation of
proteins in lens
Oblong shape
cornea or lens
Biconcave lens
Biconvex lens
Bifocal or
progressive
lens
Cylindrical lens
PRESBYOPIA
Loss of accommodation caused by progressive
denaturation of the proteins of the lens.
Makes the lens less elastic, less responsive and less able to
focus on near objects
Begins about 40-50 years of age.
Corrected with reading glasses designed to magnify near
objects or with bifocals in which one lens (upper portion)
is designed to enhance distance vision and the second lens
(lower portion) has greater refractive capability to improve
near vision