IRON

&
MANGANESE
ENVE 201
Dr. Aslhan Ker
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IRON & MANGANESE

Problems in groundwater, surface water

certain seasons.
Some underground waters are free of Fe,
Mn, but some have
Biochemical changes effect Fe, Mn
content
Changes in environmental condition
brought by biological reactions effect Fe,
Mn content.

IRON & MANGANESE

Fe,Mn insoluble form in soil how

converted
to soluble?

Fe is found in soils and minerals as :

Mainly
insoluble ferric oxide
ironsulfide (pyrite)
(slightly soluble) Ferrous carbonate
(siderite)

Mn in soil as manganese dioxide (insoluble)

in water containing CO2
Under anaerobic cond. : oxidation state
changes
V
These changes occur due to biological rxns:
1) G.W. containing Fe, Mn low D.O high CO2
in the form Fe2+ , Mn2+
High CO2 bacterial oxidation of organic
matter.
Absence of D.O anaerobic cond.

2) Wells producing good water change to

poor quality in time. What is the reason?
Organic wastes discharge aroundanaerobic
conditions occur in soil.
3) In surface waters (reservoirs) anaerobic
conditions occur in hypolimnion.
Fe,Mn released from bottom mud.
Distributed to the whole lake during fall
overturn.
4) Mn (IV) , Fe (III) stable oxidation states for
aerobic.
Reduced to soluble Mn(II) , Fe(II) under highly
anaerobic conditions.

G.W. contain CO2

FeCO3 + CO2 + H2O Fe2+ + 2HCO3like dissolution of calcium and magnesium
carbonates
More problems w/ insoluble ferric
compounds.
Under anaerobic (reducing) condition :
Fe3+ Fe2+
(ferric) (ferrous)

5) Certain bacteria use Fe (III) and Mn(IV) as

electron acceptor. (?)
When O2 containing water injected into G.W
for recharge soluble Fe content may increase.
O2 consumed by pyrite FeS2 leading to
anaerobic conditions again
2FeS2 + 7O2 + 2H2O 2Fe2+ + 42SO42- + 4H+

Environmental Significance

No harmful affect in drinking water

When exposed to air become turbid, form
colloidal precipitants
unaccepted aestheticaly
oxidation rate not rapid

Form stable complexes with humic

substances more resistant to oxidation

Interfere with laundering.

Environmental Significance

Difficulties in distribution sys. growth of iron

bacteria
Imparts taste to water
Fe: 0.3 mg/L
SMCL
Mn: 0.05 mg/L

Measurement of Iron
(Phenanthroline Method)
Interferences : Phosphate
Heavy metals
1,10 phenonthroline combines with Fe2+ to
form complex ion orange in red color
Color produced confirms Beers Law
Visual
Photometric comparison

Phenanthroline Method
Sample exposed to atmospfere contains Fe2+ , Fe3+
, ppt of ferric hydroxide.
All iron must be in soluble form
HCl is used
Fe(OH)3 + 3 H+ Fe3+ + 3 H2O
1,10 phenonthroline specific for measuring Fe(II)
Fe3+ is reduced to Fe2+
Hydroxylamine is used as reducing agent
4Fe(III) + 2 NH2OH 4Fe(II) + N2O + H2O + 4 H+
3 molecules of 1,10 phenantrhroline complex
with each Fe2+

Manganese measurement
Colorimetric method depend upon
oxidation of
Mn to VII
forms highly colored permanganete ion
Obeys Beers Law
Visual or photometric comparison

AAS
ICP

Manganese measurement
(Persulphate Method)
Ammonium persulphate oxidizing agent
Cl- interference: Because of reducing action in acid medium.
use Hg2+ for interference. HgCl2 complex is formed
Ag2+ is used as catalyst
Oxidation of Mn in lower v alence to permanganete by
persulfate.
Ag+
2Mn2++5S2O82- +8H2O 2MnO4- +10SO42- +16H+
(permanganete colored)