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INTRODUCTION
Construction projects Definition and characteristics
Classification
Framework for management of construction projects

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Project, Defined
A project is defined as a temporary endeavour undertaken to create

a unique product, service, or result to achieve specified objectives

within the assigned resources.
Well-defined objective stated in terms of scope, schedule, and costs.
Projects are born when a need is identified by the customer the

people or organization willing to provide funds to have the need

satisfied.
It is the people (project manager and project team), not the

procedures and techniques, that are critical to accomplishing the

project objective.
Procedures and techniques are merely tools to help the people do

their jobs.

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CPT - Introduction

What is Construction?
Application of art and science
Inherently dangerous
Organized chaos
Mankind using creativity, knowledge, strength,

determination, and persistence to control his

environment

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CPT - Introduction

Construction and construction project

Construction is defined as "a process that consists of the

building or assembling of infrastructure."

The term 'construction project' refers to a high-value,

time-bound, special construction mission with predetermined performance objectives.

Construction project "includes all material and work

necessary for the construction of a finished structure for

occupancy by end customer. This includes site
preparation, foundations, mechanical, electrical work,
and any other work necessary to complete the project."

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Construction project - features

One Time Activity
Complexity
High cost and time of execution
High risk of failure
Difficulty in defining quality standards
Uniqueness of people relation ships
Feedback mechanism
Lack of experience o Clent or owner
Untrained work force

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Construction industry
Normally two types of industries
Manufacturing
o product whose quality is dependent on the process used.
Services
o The quality of the job completed is more dependent upon the quality of
the personal.

Construction has characteristics of both.

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Nature of construction industry

Provides employment on large scale.
Developing country Labour intensive style of construction
If construction project schedules are not maintained, the cost

increases by leaps and bounds.

Use of machine and equipment in construction industry

increases the quality of construction.

The art of construction has slowly developed as a science

through ages. In our country, building construction in rural and

semi-urban areas is more or less an art.

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Nature of construction industry

Construction is highly fragmented and sometimes

divisive.
There are hundreds or thousands of registered contractors

in particular states with net transaction very less.

Construction industry is very custom-oriented.

Profit in the construction industry is very less.
5 to 10%
Research and development expenditure in

construction industry is much more less

approx 0.1% whereas electronic industry its 30%

Assets of the construction companies are very less

as compared to manufacturing companies.

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In comparison to manufacturing, construction

Not performed in controlled conditions,

therefore highly impacted by weather and other
environmental conditions
Seasonality
Each project is unique
Remotes sites with various access problems

Process is not as predictable

Difficulty in applying automation

High potential for encountering unforeseen

conditions

Costs can vary according to conditions

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In comparison to manufacturing, construction

Difficult to manage and supply utilities and other resources.

Success is dependent upon the quality of its people.

Product can be of mind-boggling size, cost, and complexity

Slow to embrace new technology

Restrictive/outdated building codes

Labor agreements and craft jurisdictional issues

Liability and legal considerations

Lack of profit motive or other incentive

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Indian construction industry

Second largest industry of the country after agriculture
accounting for 20 percent of Indias GDP.
employs 32 million people and
total market size is estimated at 477 Billion $

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Construction projects -Classification

Based on nature of construction
Buildings
Heavy Engineering
Industrial
Specialized

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Building - definition
Any structure for whatsoever purpose and of whatsoever
materials constructed and every part there of whether used
as human habitation or not and includes foundation, plinth,
walls, floors, roofs, chimneys, plumbing and building
services, fixed platforms, VERANDAH, balcony, cornice or
projection, part of a building or anything affixed thereto or
any wall enclosing or intended to enclose any land or space
and signs and outdoor display structures.
SP 7 - NBC 2005

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Building projects
Classification (according to NBC 2005)
Residential - Lodging, dormitory, guest house, flats, hotels, private
dwellings

Educational - School, colleges

Institutional - Hospitals, mental sanatorium, juvenile homes, elderly
homes, jails

Assembly- Theatres, auditoriums, places of worship, passenger terminals

of various modes, stadia, museums

Business - Town halls, courts, libraries, office buildings

Mercantile - Shops, malls, commercial centers
Industrial Factories, refineries, power stations, diaries
Storage Warehouses, cold storages, freight depots, barns, stables
Hazardous storing and handling hazardous materials

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Building projects -Salient features

60 to 70 percent of construction project
building construction projects are very fragmented
majority of construction in rural and semi urban area is carried out by

non-engineering ways
highly labor-intensive most are semi-skilled and untrained
Use of mechanised and heavy equipment mainly in large construction

firms
Regulated by many local as well as general laws, such as municipal

laws, building laws etc.

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Heavy engineering / Infrastructure projects

Transportation system
o railways, roads, bridges, mass transit systems

Hydraulic structures
o Dam, barrage, flood control system, hydro-electric power, irrigation systems

Structures for water supply system, water and waste water

treatment and its disposal, Solid waste management

Structures for power line transmission, communication network,

long distance liquid/gas supply etc.

Regulations/ guidelines for most are existing.

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Heavy engineering / Infrastructure projects

accounts for around 25-30 percent of total construction.
carried out by large construction firms.
Design as well as construction in these projects is the

primary job of civil engineers although inputs from other

departments play an important role.
highly equipment intensive and large quantities of

materials are used.

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Industrial Projects
Related to mining of natural resources
Coal, mineral ores,
Offshore structures (Mostly for petroleum extraction)
Power plants
fossil fuel, nuclear power

Petroleum refineries and petro-chemical plants,

Fertilizer plants,
Large steel plants,
Heavy manufacturing plants,
Aircraft industry

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Industrial Projects
highly specialized projects and it is dominated by large construction

firms.
accounts for only 10 percent of the total construction projects, but it

requires highest level of engineering expertise from various

engineering disciplines
very specialized job and consists of large complex mechanical,

electrical, instrumentation work.

dominated by skilled labour and quite labour intensive compared to

heavy engineering but large equipments are also used.

Regulation/guidelines available.

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Specialized projects
Environmental protection, emergencies, remedial works
High altitude construction projects
Used for scientific exploration
Structures under extreme or unique environments
Marine exploration project.
o Under water construction

Strategic importance
Defense and Space industry
o Satellite and Missile launch pads
o Special bunkers
o Control stations