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HINA AHMED

PHARMACOLOGY
13951

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CNS

CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM(CNS)
Thecentral nervous system(CNS)consists of:
the brain in the skull
the spinal cord
which threads through holes down the middle
of the vertebrae (bones that make up the
vertebral column ["back bone"]).

Thered linesillustrate the


peripheral nervous system, which
carries neural signals from
sensory receptors (detectors for
sound, touch , etc.) to the CNS
and from the CNS to the muscles
and glands.

The central nervous


system (CNS) is a very
complex, highly
organized structure. A
couple of general
principles will help you
understand how it is put
together.

Thefronthalf (roughly) of the CNS organizes


and controlsmovement; thebackhalf
receives and processesinformation from the
senses.
The CNS is organized as
ahierarchy(organized in graded layers.

SPINAL CORD
The spinal cord is the lowest level of the
hierarchy :
receives

sensory neurons from the body.


sends motor neurons to the muscles and some of
the glands in the body.
does the simplest, most basic coordination of
different body parts.
The brain stem is the next level. It is an
expansion of the front (top in humans) end of the
spinal cord. It does for much of the head what
the spinal cord does for the body. In addition,
the brain stem:

sends

motor neurons to most muscles and some


glands of the head.
coordinates more complex reflexes and actions
that involve many parts of the body,
receives sensory neurons from the special senses
(eyes, ears, balance) and the gut.

activates

the rest of the brain and spinal cord.


The cerebral hemispheres are the highest level of
the hierarchy. They are bulges on the left and right
front end of the brain stem. In simple vertebrates
like frogs and fishes, they are small bumps on the
brain stem; in mammals, especially primates, they
are much larger. They completely cover most of the
brain stem. The cerebral hemispheres perform the
highest levels of mental activity.
extract the important information from the sensory
input from brain stem and spinal cord (perception)

compare

that information to past experience


(memory) and interpret it.
choose and plan course of action and tell the
lower level to execute it.
coordinate the actions of different parts of the
brain stem and spinal cord.

Thecerebral

cortexis the outer layer of the


cerebral hemispheres. It contains roughly half of
all neurons in the human brain and serves as the
highest level of brain function. It is essential for
the highest levels of mental and behavioral
functions. Underneath the cortex inside the
cerebral hemispheres, axons connect to and from
the cortex. In addition the hemispheres contain
several large, interconnected clusters of cell
bodies, called thebasal ganglia. They link most
of the cerebral cortex to its motor parts, and
connect the motor parts of the cortex to the
brain stem and spinal cord.

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