Pump Types

General Service
Single-Stage
Multi-Stage
Sealless
Solids Handling
Slurry/Abrasive
Vertical
Vertical turbine
Non-metallic
Sewage

Submersible
Rotary
Reciprocating
Marine/Navy
Special Service
Non-Metallic
Utility and high-energy
API 610 7th and 8th edition
ISO and ANSI chemical process
Magnetic drive

Centrifugal Pump Theory

RECIPROCATING
POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT
ROTARY

PUMPS

CENTRIFUGAL
KINETIC

REGENERATIVE
SPECIAL EFFECT

PISTON
RECIPROCATING

PLUNGER
DIAPHRAGM

POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT
GEAR
LOBE
ROTARY

SCREW
VANE
PROGRESSIVE CAVITY

RADIAL FLOW
CENTRIFUGAL

MIXED FLOW
AXIAL FLOW

KINETIC

SPECIAL EFFECT

REGENERATIVE
TURBINE

REVERSIBLE CENTRIFUGAL

Tongue

Casing
7

Centrifugal Pumps
Self-Priming
Radial Flow

Non Self-Priming
Single Suction
Double Suction
Single Stage
Multistage

Mixed Flow

Open Impeller
Semi-Open Impeller
Closed Impeller

Axial Flow

Single Suction

Single Stage

Propeller

General Concepts

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

1" SQUARE
14.7 psia
SEA LEVEL

10

GAUGE PRESSURE

0
100

20

80

40
60

0 psig
11

GAUGE PRESSURE

0
100

20

80

40
60

0 psig
12

14.7 psia

0 psig = 14.7 psia

30 Hg = 14.7 psia

Hg
0

30

13

100

20

80

40
60

14.7 psia

VAPOUR PRESSURE
WATER

49 C

14

100 C

160 C

VAPOUR PRESSURE
WATER
0

49 C

1.692 PSIA

15

100 C

14.696 PSIA

160 C

89.66 PSIA

VAPOUR PRESSURE
WATER
0

49 C

26.55 Hg

16

100 C

0 PSIG

160 C

5.17 BarG

FLUID IN CONTAINER = WATER

SPECIFIC GRAVITY = 1.0

17

FLUID IN CONTAINER = WATER

SPECIFIC GRAVITY = 1.0

2.31 ft

2.31 ft

1 PSIG

18

SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND HEIGHT AFFECT PRESSURE

SIZE AND SHAPE OF PIPING DO NOT

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

0.70 S.G.
GASOLINE

1.0 S.G.
WATER
21

VISCOSITY

WATER AT 15 C IS 1.0 cp
or 28 seconds Redwood No 1

22

NEWTONIAN

VISCOSITY

VISCOSITY

THIXOTROPIC

VISCOSITY

SHEAR RATE

DILATANT
23

VISCOSITY

SHEAR RATE

SHEAR RATE

FRICTION

24

FRICTION LOSS

25

Pump Characteristics

26

Sulfuric Acid
Solution
S.G. 1.47

Gasoline
S.G. .70

Water
S.G. 1.0

HEAD
27

Gasoline
S.G. .70

50 m

Water
S.G. 1.0

Sulfuric Acid
Solution
S.G. 1.47

50 m

50 m

HEAD
30

PSIG x 2.31
Head (ft) =
S.G.

PSIG =

Head (ft) x S.G.

2.31

1 metre = 3.28 ft
1 PSIG = 2.31ft

31

Gasoline
S.G. .70

50 m

49.48
psig

50 m

104.36
psig

Water
S.G. 1.0
71.0
psig
32

Sulfuric Acid
Solution
S.G. 1.47

50 m

HEAD

FLOW
Q=VA
Q = FLOW RATE IN m3/s
V = VELOCITY OF FLOW m/s
A = CROSS SECTIONAL FLOW AREA m2

33

HEAD CAPACITY

TOTAL
HEAD
METRES

M3/Hr

35

THREE KINDS OF ENERGY

INPUT

ENERGY WITHIN

ENERGY

THE LIQUID

MECHANICAL ENERGY

36

KW =

M3/Hr x m x S.G.
367.1 x Eff

GPM x PSI
BHP =
1428.33 x Eff

37

HEAD CAPACITY

TOTAL
HEAD
METRES
KW

M3/Hr

38

EFFICIENCY =
POWER =

QxHx xg
1000 x P
QxHx xg
1000 x

EFFICIENCY ( % )
P
POWER ( kW )
Q
FLOW ( m3/s )
H
HEAD ( m )
(water)
DENSITY ( 1000 kg/ m3 )
g
GRAVITY ( 9.8064 m/s2 )

39

HEAD CAPACITY

%
EFF

TOTAL
HEAD
METRES
KW

M3/Hr

40

Using Metric Units

Efficiency =

41

HEAD x CAPACITY x S.G.

367.1 x KW

General Terms

43

Static suction lift

44

Static suction head

Static discharge head

Static head

Static suction lift

45

Static head

Static
suction
head

46

Static
discharge
head

+Z

S.G.

N.P.S.H Available
P = Pressure on fluid surface
VP = Vapor Pressure of fluid
S.G. = Specific gravity
Hf = Friction loss
NPSHA =

-Z
P

S.G.
48

(P - VP) 2.31
S.G.

+ Z - Hf

NPSHA = The difference between the total

suction head and the vapour pressure of a
liquid, at the suction flange
NPSHR = The reduction in total head as the
liquid enters the pump

HEAD CAPACITY

%
EFF

TOTAL
HEAD
METRES

NPSH
KW

M3/Hr

49

System Calculations

50

WATER
S.G. 1.0

105 ft
10 ft

Hfs
51

Hfd

System Friction Loss

Pipes

Fittings

52

FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER

IN FEET PER 100 FEET OF PIPE

3 INCH
NOMINAL

STEEL SCHEDULE 40
ID = 3.068 INCHES
/D = 0.000587
V
ft/sec

V2/2g
feet

feet per 100

feet of pipe

0.267
0.401
0.535

5.21
7.81
10.40

0.421
0.948
1.690

3.35
7.27
12.70

100
150
200

Note additional factors are applied for age

and /or material of pipe
53

hf

DISCHARGE
CFS
GPM

FRICTION LOSS IN PIPE FITTINGS

Resistance Coefficient K ( use in formula h f=V2/2g )

Type of
Fitting
Type of Fitting

Std Elbow
Gate Valve
Check Valve

54

Nominal Pipe Size Inches

2

0.30
0.15
7.50

0.29
0.14
7.20

0.27
0.14
6.80

WATER
S.G. 1.0

105 ft
10 ft

55

Suction 3

Delivery 3

Straight Pipe = 50Ft

Standard elbows = 1
Gate Valve = 1

Straight Pipe = 300Ft

Standard elbows = 2
Gate Valve = 1
Check Valve = 1

FRICTION LOSS CALCULATIONS

BASED ON 150 GPM IN 3 PIPE
SUCTION

DELIVERY

50Ft PIPE @ 7.27/100Ft = 3.63 Ft

300Ft PIPE @ 7.27/100Ft = 21.81 Ft

STD ELBOW K=0.29*0.948 = 0.27 Ft

2 STD ELBOW K=0.29*0.948*2 = 0.54 Ft

1 GATE VALVE K=0.14*0.948 = 0.13 Ft

1 GATE VALVE K=0.14*0.948 = 0.13 Ft

1 CHECK VALVE K=7.2*0.948 = 6.82 Ft

Hfs = 4.03 Ft

56

Hfd = 29.3 Ft

Total System Head

105-10+29.3+4.03 = 128.33 Ft
WATER
S.G. 1.0

105 ft
10 ft

Hfs = 4.03 Ft

Hfd = 29.3 Ft

BASED ON A FLOW OF
150 GPM IN 3 PIPE

57

System Curves

58

LIQUID AT SAME LEVEL

59

Total Head -m

SYSTEM CURVE

SYSTEM
FRICTION

Capacity - m3/h
60

LIQUID AT DIFFERENT LEVELS

Static head

61

Total Head

SYSTEM CURVE

FRICTION
HEAD

STATIC HEAD

Capacity
62

Total Head

SYSTEM CURVE

59.25
Ft

33.33
Ft

95 FT
STATIC
150
GPM
63

Capacity

200
GPM

LIQUID AT SAME LEVEL BUT

DISCHARGE UNDER PRESSURE
50 PSIG

64

Total Head

SYSTEM CURVE

FRICTION
HEAD

STATIC HEAD
50 PSIG

Capacity
65

CLOSED CIRCULATING SYSTEM

66

Total Head

SYSTEM CURVE

SYSTEM
FRICTION

Capacity
67

PARALLEL OPERATION
140

TOTAL HEAD

120

2 Pumps in Parallel

100
80
Single Pump

60
40
20
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

CAPACITY
68

5000

6000

7000

8000

SERIES OPERATION
250
225

TOTAL HEAD

200

2 Pumps in Series

175
150
125
100

Single Pump

75
50
25
0

69

100

200

300

400

CAPACITY

500

600

700

The Affinity Laws

We already know that head h = V2/2g
Velocity is proportional to diameter and rpm
Flow Q = V x A.
h1
h2
Q1
Q2
70

d1
d2

d1
d2

rpm1
rpm2
rpm1
rpm2

The Affinity Laws

We already know that head h = V2/2g
Velocity is proportional to diameter and rpm
Flow Q = V x A.
Kw1
Kw2

71

d1
d2

rpm1
rpm2

Cavitation,Erosion
and Corrosion

93

TYPES OF CORROSION
GENERAL OR UNIFORM CORROSION
PITTING CORROSION
IMPINGEMENT CORROSION
CAVITATION ATTACK
CREVICE CORROSION
GALVANIC CORROSION
GRAPHITIC CORROSION
94

Cavitation Attack
Cavitation is sometimes classed as a special
form of erosion; the mechanical effect
derives from the collapse of gas bubbles in
the high-pressure regions of the unit. Thus
the damage is worse at the outlet side of
pumps an can occur across control valves or
orifice plates because of the venturi effect.

98

OTHER MECHANISMS OF FAILURE

FATIGUE AND CORROSION FATIGUE
WEAR
GALLING
FRETTING
CRACKING

103

Energizing The Pumping World

ANY QUESTIONS?
Pump Division

114