Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
EPIDEMIOLOGY
1% of hospitalized patients
20% of patients treated in ICU
4-15% of patients after cardiovascular surgery
Cause of mortality
1. (75%) : Sepsis/multy organ dysfuntion syndrome 2.
Cardiopulmonal( 50%)
Prerenal
35 %
Renal
50 %
Postrenal
10 %
CLASSIFICATION
OF
ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
PRERENAL
Hypovolemia
Baroreceptor activation
Reduced affective
circulation volume
Respons neurohormonal
Axis renin-angiotensin
aldosterone
Vasopressin
Vasoconstriction
contraction of mesangial cells
Reabsorpsi natrium and water
INTRINSIC RENAL
Vascular
Vasculitis,
Malignant HT
Glomerulonephritis
Ischaemic (50%)
Exogenous
Antibiotics (gentamicin)
Radiocontrast agents
Cisplatin
Acute tubular
necrosis
Penyakit tropik,gigitan
ular,trauma,toksin
lingkungan,zat2
nefrotoksik
Nephrotoxic (35%)
Endogenous
Intratubular pigments (haemoglobinuria,
myoglobinuria)
Intratubular proteins (myeloma)
Intratubular crystals (uric acid, oxalate)
POSTRENAL
Drugs
Diabetes
Inflammatory
Diseases
...
Downstream
of the Kidney
- postrenal Prostatic
Hypertrophy
Renal Calculus
...
Anamnesis dan
pemeriksaan fisik
Pemeriksaan biokimia
darah
If renal tubular ephitelial cells and muddy brown casts: suspect acute tubular
necrosis
Bila diperlukan :
CT-Scan abdomen
Pemindaian radionuklir
Cystoscopy +/- retragrade
pyelograms (Pielogram)
Biopsi ginjal
WHEN ?
Reverse An-/Oliguria to
Normouria
-volume replacement
-osmotic diuresis
(mannitol 12.5-25 g in 30m)
-forceed diuresis
(furosemide 40-300mg/4-6h)
-correct acidosis &
hyperkalemia)
-reverse hypercatabolism)
Maintain homeostasis
-electrolite imbalance
-Nutrition
-Normohydration
-Acid-base balance
-RENAL
-REPLACEMENT
-& SUPPORT
Avoid hypovolemi
Caused by polyuria
Increase metabolism
Avoid persistent
Causative of decrease
RF
Characteristics
Uremia
Hyperkalemi
a
Fluid
overload
Metabolic
acidosis
WHEN ?
The presence of :
- one of the above criteria is sufficient to initiate
renal replacement therapy in a critically ill patients
- two of these criteria makes renal replacement
urgent and mandatory.
PENYAKIT
GINJAL
KRONIK
Definisi
Stag
e
Description
(mL/min/1.73m2
)
or
90
GFR
Moderate
Severe
GFR
GFR
GFR
Kidney failure
GFR
60-89
30-59
15-29
< 15
(or dialysis)
EPIDEMIOLOGY
The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
(NHANES III), 2003, USA :
Stadium 1 : 3.3%
Stadium 2 : 3%
Stadium 3 : 4.3%
Stadium 4 : 0.2%
Stadium 5 : 0.2%
Overall : 11%
LFG (ml/mnt/1,73m2) =
Umur tahun
Berat badan Kg
*)
Classification of CKD
by Pathology, Etiology and
Prevalence in patients with
ESRD
Gambaran Klinis
a) Sesuai dengan penyakit yang mendasari seperti diabetes
melitus, infeksi traktus urinarius, batu traktus urinarius,
hipertensi, hiperurikemi, SLE, dsb
b) Sindroma uremia, yang terdiri dari lemah, letargi, anoreksia,
nmula muntah, nokturia, kelebihan volume cairan (volume
overload), neuropati perifer, pruritus, uremic frost, perikarditis,
kejang-kejang sampai koma
c) Gejala komplikasinya antara lain, hipertensi, anemia,
osteodistrofi renal, payah jantung, asidosis metabolik,
gangguan keseimbangan elektrolit (sodium, kalium, khlorida)
Radiologi
a) Foto polos abdomen
b) IVP : jarang dikerjakan
c) Pielografi antegrad atau retrograd : dilakukan sesuai
dengan indikasi
d) USG ginjal
e) Pemeriksaan pemindaian ginjal atau renografi: dikerjakan
bila ada indikasi
Diabetes
Hypertension
Autoimmune diseases
Systemic infections
Urinary tract infections
Urinary stones
Lower urinary tract obstruction
Neoplasma
Family history of CKD
Recovery from acute renal failure
Reduction in kidney mass
Exposure to certain drugs
Low birth weight
Sociodemographic
Factors
Older age
US ethnic minority status:
African American, American Indian,
Hispanic, Asian or Pasific Islander
Exposure to certain chemical and
Environmental conditions
Low income / education
Diabetes
Hypertension
Autoimmune diseases
Systemic infections
Exposure to drugs or procedures associated with acute
decline in kidney function
Recovery from acute kidney failure
Age > 60 years
Family history of kidney disease
Reduced kidney mass (includes kidney donors and
transplant recipients)
Pengendalian diabetes
Pengendalian hipertensi
Pengendalian dislipidemia
Pengendalian anemia
Pengendalian hiperfosfatemia
Terapi terhadap kelebihan cairan dan gangguan
keseimbangan elektrolit
Description
90
Diagnosis and
treatment,
treatment of
comorbid
conditions, slowing
progression, CVD
risk reduction
60-89
Estimating
progression
30-59
Evaluating and
treating
complications
15-29
Preparation for
kidney replacement
therapy
GFR
Moderate
Severe
Action
(mL/min/1.73m
2)
or
GFR
GFR
GFR
Kidney failure
< 15
Replacement
Shaded area identifies patients who have CKD; unshaded
area designates
(or dialysis)
(if individuals
uremia present)
who are at increased risk for developing CKD
THANK YOU