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ETIOLOGY
UNILATERAL HYDRONEPHROSIS:
Abdominal masses compressing the ureter
Ureteral neoplastic, calculi, stenosis or stricture.
Accidental ligation of thee ureter during
ovariohysterectomy
Torsion of the renal pedicle
Ectopic ureter or pyelonephritis
BILATERAL HYDRONEPHROSIS:
Obstruction of the urinary bladder trigone or urethra by
neoplasia
Prostatism, calculi, or pelvic trauma
CLINICAL SIGNS:
Unilateral hydronephrosis is asymptomatic unless the
enlarged kidney distends the abdomen. When kidney is
infected, signs of pyelonephritis (fever, leucocytosis,
flank pain) may develop
DIAGNOSIS
History and clinical signs
Radiography- Excretory urogram
Ultrasonography: Hypoechoic and distended renal
pelvis
TREATMENT
Conservative: Removal of primary cause
Fluid therapy
Surgical therapy: Nephroureterectomy
PYELONEPHRITIS
Caused by bilateral infection characterized by
inflammatory swelling of renal pelvis and compromised
renal function.
Etiology: ascending infection from the lower urinary
tract or from hematogenous seeding of bacteria
Clinical signs : asymptomatic unless systemic signs
develop
Systemic signs (fever, lumbar pain, anorexia, vomiting)
Signs of cystitis (dysuria, hematuria)
Signs uremia in advanced cases
DIAGNOSIS :
History and clinical signs
Leukocytosis is often present
Urinalysis: bacteriological culture of urine sample ,
presence of casts is indicative of renal disease,
Radiography: excretory urography- reveal dilation of renal
pelvis and a decrease in renal size with chronic bacterial
pyelonephritis
Ultrasonography reveals hypo echoic renal pelvis
TREATMENT:
Antibiotic therapy for at least 4 weeks
IF NO RESPONSE NEPHRECTOMY
URETERAL ECTOPIA
Ureters do not open into the trigone of the urinary bladder
din the usual location.
Ectopic ureter terminate in the urethra or in the vagina in
dogs
It is hereditary in condition
Urinary incontinence is the presenting symptoms
Definitive diagnosis is done by excretory urography.
SURGICAL CORRECTION IS THE USUAL TREATMENT
BLADDER INJURY
Rupture of urinary bladder is most common traumatic
injury in dogs and cats
ETIOLOGY:
External abdominal trauma
Pelvic fractures
Puncture wounds, traumatic palpation, and
Catheterization of the bladder
CLINICAL SIGNS:
Abdominal pain, Vomition and CNS depression
Urination may or may not present
Abdominal distention
Dehydration
DIAGNOSIS
History of trauma and clinical signs
Abdominal paracentesis reveals presence of urine
Laboratory exadmination: elevted PCV, total plasma
proteins amd serum creatinine urea nitrogen, inorganic
phosphorus 24-48 hours after rupture.
Radiography: retrograde positive contrast cystography
Ultrasonography
TREATMENT
Correct uremia, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance
Caudal ventral midline laparotomy
Identify the site of rupture of the bladder
Freshen the wound edges
Close the tear using inversion sutures
Lavage and clean the abdominal cavity
Close the laparotomy wound