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Actual value
Quantity per unit =
Base value of quantity
Vb Vrated
Sb S rated
Then compute base values for currents and
impedances:
Sb Vb V 2
Ib Zb b
Vb Ib Sb
3
Per-Unit System
And the per-unit system is:
Vactual I actual
V p.u . I p.u .
Vb Ib
S actual Z actual
S p.u . Z p.u .
Sb Zb
Solution:
(1) Compute lamp resistance
2 2
V V
(120) 2
P R 28.8
R P 500
7
Example 2
An electrical lamp is rated 120 volts, 500 watts. If
the voltage applied across the lamp is twice the
rated value, compute the current that flows
through the lamp. Use the per-unit method.
Solution:
Vb 120V
V 240
V p.u . 20 p.u.
Vb 120
Z p.u . 10 p.u.
8
Example 2
The per-unit equivalent circuit is as follows:
V p.u . 20
I p.u . 20 p.u.
Z p.u . 10
Sb 500
Ib 4.167 A
Vb 120
I actual I p.u . I b 20 4.167 8.3340 A 9
Per-unit System for 1- Circuits
One-phase circuits
Sb S1 V I
where
V Vline to neutral
I I line current
VbLV VLV VbHV VHV
Sb Sb
I bLV I bHV
VbLV VbHV 10
Per-unit System for 1- Circuits
VbLV (VbLV ) 2 VbHV (VbHV ) 2
Z bLV Z bHV
I bLV Sb I bHV Sb
S
S pu V pu I pu
*
Sb
P
Ppu V pu I pu cos
Sb
Q
Q pu V pu I pu sin
Sb 11
Transformation Between Bases
Selection 1
Sb1 S A Vb1 VA
Then
Vb21 ZL
Z b1 Z pu1
Sb1 Z b1
Selection 2
Sb 2 S B Vb 2 VB
Then 2
V ZL
Zb2 b2
Z pu 2
Sb 2 Zb2
12
Transformation Between Bases
Z pu 2 Z L Z b1 Z b1 Vb21 Sb 2
2
Z pu1 Z b 2 Z L Z b 2 Sb1 Vb 2
2
Vb1 Sb 2
Z pu 2 Z pu1
Vb 2 Sb1
“1” – old
“2” - new
2
Vb ,old S b ,new
Z pu ,new Z pu ,old
S
V
b ,new b ,old
13
Transformation Between Bases
Generally per-unit values given to another base
can be converted to new base by by the
equations:
Sbase1
( P, Q, S ) pu _ on _ base _ 2 ( P, Q, S ) pu _ on _ base _1
Sbase 2
Vbase1
V pu _ on _ base _ 2 V pu _ on _ base _1
Vbase 2
(Vbase1 ) 2 Sbase2
( R, X , Z ) pu _ on _ base _ 2 ( R, X , Z ) pu _ on _ base _1
(Vbase2 ) 2 Sbase1
1:1 Sb
Fig 2. Per-unit Eq Ckt referred to LV side Fig 3. 18
Per-unit Eq. Ckt for 1- Transformer
RS XS
j 2
S a 2
a
VLV N
a 1 1
Zb2 VHV N 2
N1 N2
Vb1 VLV VHV Vb 2
Fig 4. Eq Ckt referred to HV side
Z S , pu
Z S , pu
Vb1 Vb 2
Vb1 Vb 2
1:1 Sb
Fig 5. Per-unit Eq Ckt referred to HV side Fig 6. 19
Voltage Regulation
Voltage regulation is defined as:
Vnoload V full load
VR 100%
V full load
In per-unit system:
V pu ,noload V pu , full load
VR 100%
V pu , full load
Vfull-load: Desired load voltage at full load. It may be equal to,
above, or below rated voltage
Vno-load: The no load voltage when the primary voltage is
the desired voltage in order the secondary voltage
be at its desired value at full load 20
Voltage Regulation Example
A single-phase transformer rated 200-kVA, 200/400-V,
and 10% short circuit reactance. Compute the VR when
the transformer is fully loaded at unity PF and rated
voltage 400-V.
Solution:
VP j 0.1 VS
Vb 2 400V
S b 200kVA XS
Sload
S load , pu 10 pu
X S , pu j 0.1 pu
Fig 7. Per-unit equivalent circuit
21
Voltage Regulation Example
Rated voltage:
VS , pu 1.00 pu
*
Sload , pu 1.00 *
I load , pu 1.00 pu
V 1.00
S , pu
VP , pu VS , pu I pu X S , pu
1.00 1.00 j 0.1 1 j 0.1
1.0015.7 o pu
22
Voltage Regulation Example
Secondary side:
V pu ,noload VP , pu 1.0015.7 o pu
Voltage regulation:
24
Per-unit System for 3- Circuits
Three-phase circuits
Sb S 3 3S1 3V I
where
V Vline to neutral VL (line ) / 3
I I line current I L
Sb 3VL I L
VbLV VL , LV VbHV VL , HV
Sb 3VbLV I bLV 3VbHV I bHV 25
Per-unit System for 3- Circuits
Sb Sb
I bLV I bHV
3VbLV 3VbHV
VLV VbLV 3VbLV (VbLV ) 2
Z bLV
ILV 3 Sb Sb
(VbHV ) 2
Z bHV
Sb
S3 3VL I L*
S pu V pu I *pu
Sb 3Vb I b
26
Per-unit System for 3- Transformer
Three 25-kVA, 34500/277-V transformers
connected in -Y. Short-circuit test on high
voltage side:
VLine , SC 2010V
I Line , SC 1.26 A
P3 , SC 912W
2
XS Z SC RS2 9212 191.482 900.86
So Z SC 191.48 j 900.86
34500
Sb 25000VA Vb , HV 19918.58V
3
19918.582
Z b ,HV 15869.99
25000
191.48 j 900.86
Z SC , pu ,Y 0.012 j 0.0568 pu
15869.99
29
Per-unit System for 3- Transformer
(b) Using -equivalent
1.26
I SC
3 Z SC ,
34500 277
1.26
VSC 2010V I SC 0.727 A
3
2010
Z SC , 2764.79
0.727
30
Per-unit System for 3- Transformer
912 P 304
P 304W RS , 2
2
575.18
3 I SC 0.727
2
X S , Z SC , RS2, 2764.792 575.182 2704.30
So Z SC 191.48 j 900.86
Sb 25000VA Vb , HV 34500V
345002
Z b ,HV 47610
25000
575.18 j1704.30
Z SC , pu , 0.012 j 0.0568 pu
47610
31
Related Materials in Textbook
(1) Section 2.6 and 2.7, page 83~90, Chapman
book
(2) Section 2.10, page 113~116, Chapman book
32