WHAT IS A CITATION AND

CITATION STYLE?
Acitationis a way of giving credit to individuals for their creative and
intellectual works that you utilized to support your research. It can
also be used to locate particular sources and combat plagiarism.
Typically, a citation can include the author's name, date, location of
the publishing company, journal title, or DOI (digital object identifier).
Acitation styledictates the information necessary for a citation and
how the information is ordered, as well as punctuation and other
formatting.

HOW TO DO I CHOOSE A CITATION

STYLE?
There are many different ways of citing resources from your
research. The citation style sometimes depends on the academic
discipline involved. For example:
a. APA (American Psychological Association) is used by Education,
Psychology, and Sciences
b. MLA (Modern Language Association) style is used by the
Humanities
c. Chicago/Turabian style is generally used by Business, History, and
the Fine Arts

What is APA Style?

APA(American Psychological Association) Style originated in 1929,
when a group of psychologists, anthropologists, and business
managers convened and sought to establish a simple set of
procedures, or style rules, that would codify the many components of
scientific writing to increase the ease of reading comprehension.
As with other editorial styles, APA Style consists of rules or guidelines
that a publisher observes to ensure clear and consistent presentation
of written material. It concerns uniform use of such elements as
selection of headings, tone, and length, punctuation and
abbreviations, presentation of numbers and statistics, construction of
tables and figures, citation of references, and many other elements
that are a part of a manuscript.(Source: Official APA website)

IN-TEXT CITATION WITH APA

The APA style calls for three kinds of information to be
included in in-text citations. Theauthor's last nameand
the work'sdate of publicationmust always appear, and
these items must match exactly the corresponding entry in
the references list. The third kind of information, the page
number, appears only in a citation to a direct quotation.
....(Crockatt, 1995).

DIRECT QUOTE FROM THE TEXT

"The potentially contradictory nature of Moscow's

priorities surfaced first in its policies towards East
Germany and Yugoslavia," (Crockatt, 1995, p. 1).

Note: All second and third line REFERENCES in the APA Bibliography should be indented.
Material Type
A book in print

Reference List/Bibliography
Baxter, C. (1997).Race equality in health care and
education.Philadelphia: Ballire Tindall.
A book chapter, print version
Haybron, D. M. (2008). Philosophy and the science of
subjective well-being. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (Eds.),The
science of subjective well-being(pp. 17-43). New York,
NY: Guilford Press.
An eBook
Millbower, L. (2003).Show biz training: Fun and effective
business training techniques from the worlds of stage,
screen, and song. Retrieved from
http://www.amacombooks.org/
An article in a print journal
Alibali, M. W. (1999). How children change their minds:
Strategy change can be gradual or
abrupt.Developmental Psychology, 35,127-145.
An article in a journal without DOI Carter, S., & Dunbar-Odom, D. (2009). The converging
literacies center: An integrated model for writing
programs.Kairos: A Journal of Rhetoric, Technology, and
Pedagogy, 14(1), 38-48. Retrieved from
http://kairos.technorhetoric.net/
An article in a journal with DOI
Gaudio, J. L., & Snowdon, C. T. (2008). Spatial cues more
salient than color cues in cotton-top tamarins (saguinus
oedipus) reversal learning.Journal of Comparative
Psychology, 122,441-444. doi: 10.1037/07357036.122.4.441
Websites - professional or personal The World Famous Hot Dog Site.(1999, July 7). Retrieved
sites
January 5, 2008, from
http://www.xroads.com/~tcs/hotdog/hotdog.html

WHAT IS MLA STYLE?

MLA (Modern Language Association) style for
documentation is widely used in the
humanities, especially in writing on language
and literature. MLA style features brief
parenthetical citations in the text keyed to an
alphabetical list of works cited that appears at
the end of the work.

WHAT IS CHICAGO STYLE?

Chicago is a documentation style that has been published by the
Chicago University Press since 1906. This citation style incorporates
rules of grammar and punctuation common in American English.
Typically, Chicago style presents two basic documentation systems:
(1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date. Choosing between
the two often depends on subject matter and the nature of sources
cited, as each system is favored by different groups of scholars.
Thenotes and bibliography styleis preferred by many in the
humanities, including those in literature, history, and the arts. This
style presents bibliographic information in notes and, often, a
bibliography.