Engines

Internal combustion engine needs

fuel, ignition and compression
in order to run.
Four-Stroke Gasoline Engine
Two-Stroke Gasoline Engines
Diesel Engine
Rotary Engine
Steam Engine

Engines
Configuration

Inline Engines: The

cylinders are arranged in a
line, in a single bank.

V Engines: The

cylinders are arranged in two

banks, set at an angle to one
another.

Flat Engines:

The cylinders are

arranged in two
banks on opposite
sides of the engine

Parts

Engines

Valves: Minimum
Two Valves pre Cylinder

Exhaust Valve lets the exhaust gases escape the combustion

Chamber. (Diameter is smaller then Intake valve)
Intake Valve lets the air or air fuel mixture to enter the
combustion chamber. (Diameter is larger than the exhaust valve)

Engines
Valve Springs: Keeps the valves
Closed.

Valve Lifters: Rides the cam lobe

and helps in opening the valves.

Engines
Different arrangement of valve and camshaft.

Engines
Cam Shaft: The shaft that has intake and
Exhaust cams for operating the valves.

Cam Lobe: Changes rotary motion

into reciprocating motion.

Engines
Spark Plug
It provides the means of ignition when
the gasoline engines piston is at the end
of compression stroke, close to
Top Dead Center(TDC)

The difference between a

"hot" and a "cold" spark
plug is that the ceramic tip
is longer on the
hotter plug.

Piston

Engines

A movable part fitted into a

cylinder, which can receive and
transmit power.
Through connecting rod, forces
the crank shaft to rotate.

Cylinder head

Engines

Part that covers and encloses the

Cylinder.
It contains cooling fins or water jackets
and the valves.
Some engines contains the cam shaft
in the cylinder head.

Engines
Engine Block
Foundation of the engine and
contains pistons, crank shaft,
cylinders, timing sprockets and
sometimes the cam shaft.

Engines
Connecting (conn.) Rod
Attaches piston (wrist-pin)
to the crank shaft (conn. rod
caps).

Engines
Crank Shaft
Converts up and down or
reciprocating motion into
circular or rotary motion.

DAMPNER PULLEY
Controls Vibration

Engines
Piston Rings
Four stroke: Three rings
Top two are compression rings (sealing
the compression pressure in the cylinder)
and the third is an oil ring (scrapes
excessive oil from the cylinder walls)
Two Stroke: Two Rings
Both the rings are Compression rings.

Engines
Flywheel
Attached to the crankshaft
Reduces vibration
Cools the engine (air cooled)
Used during initial start-up
Transfers power from engine to
drivetrain

Engines

Four Stroke Cycle

Intake
Compression
Power
Exhaust

16

Intake Stroke

Intake valve opens.

Piston moves down,
turn of crankshaft.
A vacuum is created in the
cylinder.
Atmospheric pressure
pushes the air/fuel mixture
into the cylinder.

17

Compression Stroke
Valves

close.
Piston moves up,
turn of crankshaft.
Air/fuel mixture is
compressed.
Fuel starts to vaporize
and heat begins to
build.
18

Power Stroke
Valves

remain closed.
Spark plug fires
igniting fuel mixture.
Piston moves down,
turn of crankshaft.
Heat is converted to
mechanical energy.

19

Exhaust Stroke
Exhaust

valve opens.
Piston move up,
crankshaft makes
turn.
Exhaust gases are
pushed out polluting
the atmosphere.

20

Four Stroke Cycle Animation

21

Two Stroke Animation

22

Rotary Engine

23

Model Diesel Engine

Diesel Animation

25

Why not diesel?

Diesel engines, because they have
much higher compression ratios (20:1
for a typical diesel vs. 8:1 for a typical
gasoline engine), tend to be heavier
than an equivalent gasoline engine.
2. Diesel engines also tend to be more
expensive.
1.

26

Why not diesel?

3. Diesel engines, because of the weight and
compression ratio, tend to have lower
maximum RPM ranges than gasoline engines
(see Question 381 for details). This makes
diesel engines high torque rather than high
horsepower, and that tends to make diesel
cars slow in terms of acceleration.
4. Diesel engines must be fuel injected, and in
the past fuel injection was expensive and less
reliable
27

Why not diesel?

5. Diesel engines tend to produce more smoke and
"smell funny".
6. Diesel engines are harder to start in cold
weather, and if they contain glow plugs, diesel
engines can require you to wait before starting
the engine so the glow plugs can heat up.
7. Diesel engines are much noisier and tend to
vibrate.
8. Diesel fuel is less readily available than gasoline
28

Why not diesel?

One

or two of these disadvantages would be

OK, but a group of disadvantages this large is
a big deterrent for lots of people.

29

 The

Advantages

two things working in favor of diesel engines are

better fuel economy and longer engine life. Both of
these advantages mean that, over the life of the
engine, you will tend to save money with a diesel.
However, you also have to take the initial high cost of
the engine into account. You have to own and
operate a diesel engine for a fairly long time before
the fuel economy overcomes the increased purchase
price of the engine. The equation works great in a big
diesel tractor-trailer rig that is running 400 miles
every day, but it is not nearly so beneficial in a
passenger car.

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The Cycle
How

many revolutions of the crankshaft

does it take to complete the four strokes?
If an engine idles at 500 rpm, how many
power strokes occur per minute?
How many power strokes per second?
How about at 5000 rpm or 10,000 rpm?

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CRDI

GasolineGasoline direct injection Motronic

MED 7
High-pressure pump

Fuel rail
Ignition coil

MAP sensor

Air-mass meter with

air temperature sensor

Electronic
throttle
control
ETC

Electronic
control unit

Pressure
control valve

Injectors
Pressure
sensor
Exhaust-gas
recirculation valve

Lambdasensor (LSU)

NOxcatalytic
converter

In-tank module
including the
fuel-supply pump

Lambda
sensor (LSF)

Motronic M5