PRESENTATION

ON
MOTOR SPEED
CONTROLLER CIRCUIT
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ASSIGNMENT
BY:- PRASUN SINHA
INTAKE NO.- PT1396619

OBJECTIVE
The assignment aims at designing a motor speed temperature
controller circuit with 12V power supply. The speed of the motor
should vary as the temperature decreases or increases i.e. with a rise
in temperature the speed of motor should increase and vice versa.

INTRODUCTION
Sometimes we need devices which activates itself when light falls on it.
The light detector circuit here uses an element which is light sensitive in
nature and activates the circuit in presence of light and turns it off in
absence of light. The circuit has a wide range of applications for example
it can be used in refrigerators for the automation of their light according to
the position of the door. It can be also used as morning alarms which rings
as the sun rays falls on it.

COMPONENTS USED
1. Resistors (1K)
2. Capacitor (1000F)
3. LED
4. Transistor (BC548 XY-11)
5. LDR
6. Buzzer
7. Battery (9V)
8. PCB

RESISTORS
It is a two terminal electrical components that is passive in nature and provides
electrical resistance in circuits in other words regulates the flow of current in the
circuit.
Types of resistors:1. Metal film resistors
2. Foil resistors
3. Carbon film resistors
4. Fuse resistors
5. Precision wire wound
6. Fixed resistors
7. Variable resistors

RESISTORS
Specific voltages to an active devices can be provided through
resistors.
Used for adjustment of signal levels.
On placing a resistor in series with other components, like LED, results
in reduced current to a safer known value.
The voltage of any signal can be reduced by adding an attenuator
which is a network of two or more resistors which works as a voltage
divider.

CAPACITOR
It is a two terminal electrical component which is used to store to store energy electrostatically within an electric
field. A capacitor in its simplest form consists of two conducting plates which is separated by an insulating
material known as dielectric.
Classification of capacitor:
Capacitors can be classified on the basis of their construction, on the basis of physical construction there are
two types of capacitors:
1. Fixed capacitor
2. Variable capacitor
On the basis of types of dielectric used in capacitor they can be classified in two ways:
3. Non electrolytic capacitor
Non electrolytic capacitor can be further classified in two ways:
1.1 Paper capacitor
1.2 Ceramic capacitor
2. Electrolytic capacitor Electrolytic capacitor too can be further classified into following ways: 2.1 Polarized
electrolytic capacitor
2.2 Non polarized electrolytic capacitor
2.3 Tantalum electrolytic capacitor

CAPACITOR
Uses of capacitor:
It can be used with a resistor to make timer.
It can also be used for smoothening the current in a circuit because it can prevent
other components such as relays from false triggering.

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

A semiconductor device which has two lead, basically it a p-n junction diode that emits
light on activation. The emitted light is monochromatic in nature which occurs at a
single wavelength. The output forms ranges from red to blue-violet. LEDs that emits
infrared energy are known as infrared-emitting diode (IRED). These types of diodes are
same as that of other diodes but it has large PN junction area whose shape can be
tailored as per its application.
LEDs are very useful and has many applications which are as follows:
1. Indicators and signs
2. Lighting
3. Smart lighting

TRANSISTOR
A three terminal semiconductor device used for amplifying and switching electronic
signals and power. The current or voltage changes through two terminals while
flowing to other pair of terminal because controlled power could be much more
effective than that of controlling power. There are two types of transistors NPN and
PNP. The three terminals of a transistor are known as emitter, base and collector.
Emitter region is highly doped and has medium surface area whereas base region
is lightly doped and has a small surface area on the other hand collector region is
moderately doped and has large surface area. Following are some of the simple
applications of transistors:
1. Transistors as a switch
2. Transistors as an amplifier

LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

Resistor that offers resistance in response to light is known as LDR. The increase
in the intensity of falling light decreases the resistance. The range of resistance
can be of few mega ohms that can drop itself too few hundred ohms when light is
present. The varying light helps in obtaining varying voltage drop thus making it a
good sensor. It can be manufactured with the help of cadmium sulphide (CdS). It
has track of cadmium sulphide which is zigzag. It can conduct device in both the
directions thus making it a bilateral device. It is widely used in those devices that
need to sense the present of light. It is inexpensive and can be found easily

BATTERY
One of the most frequently used power source which consists of two terminals anode
and cathode. It converts chemical energy into electrical energy through electrolytic
reactions. There are different types of batteries, some of the types are mentioned
below:
1. Primary batteries
2. Secondary batteries

BUZZER
An audio signalling device which may be mechanical, piezoelectric or electromechanical.
There are various applications of buzzers which include alarm devices, timers, can also
be used as conformation for user input such as mouse click or keystroke, electronic
metronomes, game show lock-out device, microwave ovens etc.

PCB
A printed circuit board which is used to make electronic circuits. It serves two
purposes in the construction of electronic devices, firstly it is used to place
components and provides means for connecting the components. It is made of
thin non-conducting sheet and the most common material used is glass fibre.
Then a thin layer of copper is chemically deposited. It is used for mechanical
support and to connect components using conductive pathways tracks. It is
inexpensive, reliable and is easy for mass production. Additive and subtractive
methods are used for accomplishment of circuit patterns.

DESIGN OF CIRCUIT

SNAPSHOT OF HARDWARE

PROCEDURE
The required components with proper ratings was taken.
PCB is used for making the circuit.
All the components were joined together according to the simulated design and then
soldered with the help of soldering machine.
Two resistors each of 1k were used, one capacitor of 1000 micro farad was used, battery
of 9V was used for providing power.
LED was used as light emitting source, transistor has been connected with LED, capacitor
and LDR.
All the components were joined as per design and then power source was connected.
The components were connected with the help of connecting wires.

RESULT AND ANALYSIS

After the simulation of circuit voltage and current across each components were
measured and verified through the laws that are concerned with the formulation of
circuit.
Voltages across components are as follows:
1. R2 7.62V
2. Buzzer 2.28V
3. Transistor 6.69V
4. Capacitor- 1.36V
5. R1- 1.36V
6. LDR- 0V
7. LED- 2.28V A

RESULT AND ANALYSIS

Current across components are as follows:
1. R2 0.11A
2. Buzzer 0.26A
3. Transistor 2.90A
4. Capacitor- 0A
5. R1- 0A
6. LDR- 0A
7. LED- 0.26A

CONCLUSION
The assignments aims at making a light detector circuit. Other than that it also
provides the information about the working of each and every component
used in the circuit thus enabling one to use and apply the fundamentals and
use the laws associated with in daily life. The assignments also helps in
observing things minutely also. The use of transistor as an amplifier in the
circuit for providing continuous current is one of the most important
application which has been used in the circuit and application of LDR is also
very good and could be used widely. Overall the whole assignment is very
productive in terms of gaining information and obtaining experience in
practical.