POPULATION DYNAMICS

AND CONTROL OF
CONTRACEPTION

POPULATION DYNAMICS
Not static but is always in a dynamic state
Factors involved : 1) deaths 2)births 3)migration

METHODS
METHODS OF CONTRACEPEPTION

TEMPORARY
-BARRIER METHODS
NATURAL CONTRACEPTION
INTRAUTERINE CONTRACEPTION
DEVICE
STEROIDAL CONTRACEPTION

PERMANENT
- FEMALE : TUBAL OCCLUSION
-MALE : VASECTOMY

BARRIER METHODS
Prevent sperm deposition in the vagina or prevent
sperm penetration through cervical canal.
Can be achieved by mechanical device or chemical
means which produce sperm immobilisation or by
combined means.

Types of barrier methods

Male condom
Female condom, Diaphragm, cervical cap
Chemical Creams, Jelly. Foam tablets, Sponge
Combination

CONDOMS
Made from polyurethane or latex
Polyurathane condoms are thinner (0.010-0.020mm)
and suitable for who are sensitive to latex rubber.
Widely practised method used by the male
Additional advantage : protection against sexual
transmitted disease

CONDOMS
ADVANTAGE

DISADVANTAGES

Cheaper
No side effects
Easy to carry, simple and disposable
Protection against STI
Reduce incidence of tubal infertility and
ectopic pregnancy
Useful where the coital act is infrequent
and irregular

may accidently break or slip

Inadequate sexual pleasure
To discard after one coital act

DIAPHRAGM
Intravaginal device made of rubber with flexible metal
or spring ring at the margin
Diameter varies 5-10cm
The device is introduced upto 3 hours before SI and is
the be kept at least 6 hours after last SI
Ill fitting and accidental displacement during intercourse
increase failure rate

DIAPHRAGM
ADVANTAGE

DISADVANTAGES

CHEAP
CAN BE USED REPEATEDLY FOR A LONG
TIME
USED WITH SPERMICIDE REDUCES THE
INCIDENCE OF PID/ STD TO SOME
EXTENT

REQUIRES HELP OF A DOCTOR/

PARAMEDICAL PERSON TO MEASURE THE
SIZE REQUIRED
RISK OF VAGINAL IRRITATION AND
URINARY TRACT INFECTION
NOT SUITABLE FOR WOMEN WITH
UTERINE PROLAPSE

NATURAL CONTRACEPTION
RHYTM METHOD
- based on identification of fertile period of a cycle and
to abstain form sexual intercourse during that period
Methods include :
a) Calendar rhythm
b) Mucus rhythm
c) Temperature rhythm

RHYTHM METHOD
ADVANTAGE

DISADVANTAGES

No cost
Lack of side effects

Difficult to calculate safe period

Compulsary abstinence from SI during
certain periods
Not applicable during LAM or when the
periods are irregular

COITUS INTERRUPTUS
Oldest and probably the most widely accepted
contraceptive method.
Necessitates withdrawal of penis shortly before
ejaculation
Requires sufficient self control by the man so that
withdrawal of penis precedes ejaculation

COITUS INTERRUPTUS
ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

No appliance is requires
No cost

Requires sufficient slef control by the

man
The woman may develop anxiety
neurosis, vaginismus
Chance of pregnancy is more
- precoital secretion may contain
secretion
- accidental chance of sperm deposition
in the
vagina

Breast Feeding
Prolonged and sustained breast feeding offers a natural
protection of pregnancy
More effective who are ammenorheic that those who are
menstruating
Risk less than 2% in the first 6 months.
Breast feeding must be exclusive for 6 months to make
sure this method works.

THANK YOU