INTRODUCTION

TO
ANATOMY
&
PHYSIOLOGY

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TOPIC LISTED
BMS 1
Unit life & organization of
body structure
The cell
Transportation across the cell

membrane
Tissues
Glands and membrane

Integumentary system the

skin
Digestive system
Urinary system
Endocrine system
Reproductive system
Special senses
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BMS 2
Respiratory system
Cardiovascular

system
Blood circulation,
blood components,
lymphatic system
Nervous system
Musculoskeletal
system
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Learning Outcomes
Describe the characteristics of living matter
State the main division of the body

boundaries & regions of body cavities and its

contents
Name the different system of the body
Name the function of the system
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Definition of Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy
the study of the structure of the
body and the relationships of the
various parts of the body

Physiology
the study of the functions of the
parts of the body, includes specific
organ systems and molecular and
cellular levels.
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Study of Human Body in different aspect

Structural
Gross / Macroscopic anatomy
visible structures
Microscopic/Histology anatomy
not visible thru our naked eyes
Embryology/Development anatomy
- structural changes over time
Functional
Systemic anatomy
- e.g. cardiovascular system, reproductive system , etc.
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Levels of Structural Organization

Atoms

Molecules

Chemical
level
Tissue

Organ

Individual
human
being
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System
Basic Medical Sciences I

Levels of structural Organization

Chemical - atoms combine to form

molecules
Cellular - molecules interact to make up

cells
Tissue

- cells are grouped into tissue

Organ

- tissues compose organs

Organ system

to

- organs function together

form organ system

Organism - made up of the organ system

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Characteristic of
Human Life
Movement
Change in position; motion

Responsiveness
Reaction to a change

Growth
Increase in size

Reproduction
Production of new organisms and new cells

Respiration
Obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide
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Digestion
Breakdown of food substances
Absorption
Passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids

Circulation
Movement of substances in body fluids

Assimilation
Changing of absorbed substances into different substances

Excretion
Removal of waste

WHAT ARE THE BASIC REQUIREMENT FOR LIFE ?

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Requirements of
Organisms
WATER
Most abundant substances in body
Required for metabolic processes
Required for transport
Regulates body temperature
FOOD
Supply energy
Supply raw materials
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OXYGEN
One fifth of air
Used to release energy from nutrients
HEAT
Form of energy
Partly controls rate of metabolic reaction
PRESSURE
Atmospheric pressure- important for breathing
Hydrostatic pressure keeps blood flowing
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The body as whole

Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical position
Directional terms
Regional names
Body planes
Body cavity
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The body as whole

Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical position
Directional terms
Regional names
Body planes
Body cavity
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1) Anatomical Position
The body is
Erect (upright)
Feet slightly apart
Arms at the sides with

palms facing forward

(thumbs point away
from the body)
Feet together
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The body as whole

Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical position

Directional terms
Regional names
Body planes
Body cavity
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2) Directional terms
Directional term

Description

1) Superior

upper or above or toward the

head

2) Inferior

lower or below or toward the

feet

3) Anterior/Ventral

front or in front of

4) Posterior/ Dorsal

back or back of

5) Median

toward the midline

6) Lateral

toward the side of the body or

away from midline

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Directional term

Description

7) Proximal

toward or nearest the trunk or

nearest the point of origin of one
of its part
Toward the beginning,

8) Distal

away from the furthest from the

trunk or farthest from the point of
s body part

9) Superficial (external)

nearest to the surface

10) Deep (internal)

away from the body surface

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CHECK POINT

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Examples
The head is
superior to the
abdomen
The umbilical is
inferior to the
chin

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The sternum
is anterior to
the spine
The buttock is
posterior to the
knee

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example
The heart is
medial to arm

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example

The arms are

lateral to the
chest

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example

The elbow is
proximal to the
wrist

The knee is
distal to the
thigh
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example
The skin is
superficial to the
skeletal muscle

The lungs are

deep to the skin

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The body as whole

Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical position
Directional terms

Regional names
Body planes
Body cavity
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3) Regional names
The principle regions are :
Head (cephalic)
Neck ( cervical)
Trunk ( chest/thoracic , abdomen & pelvis)
Upper limbs ( the hands)
Lower limbs ( the legs)

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The body as whole

Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical position
Directional terms

Regional names

Body planes
Body cavity
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4) Body planes
1)

Sagittal
- divided into equal halves (midsagittal-median) or
divided the body into right side and a left side
(para-sagittal)

2) Frontal( Coronal)
- divide from side to side or divide the body into an
anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal)
3) Transverse/horizontal
- divide crosswise or horizontally or to divide body
into upper (superior) and lower ( inferior) parts
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CHECK POINT

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Transverse

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Frontal

Sagittal

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The body as whole

Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical position
Directional terms

Regional names
Body planes

Body cavity
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5) Body cavities
Dorsal cavity
Ventral cavity

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Body Cavities

DORSAL
CAVITY
Cranial
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Spinal
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Ventral
cavity
Thoracic

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Abdomin
al

Pelvic

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Dorsal cavity

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Ventral cavities
1) Thoracic cavities

- mediastinum cavity
trachea, heart
- pleural cavities
lungs
- pericardia cavities
-heart

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Ventral body cavity Membranes

Parietal Pleura
lines in the inner chest
wall and covering the
diaphragm
Visceral Pleura
covering the lungs

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Ventral Body cavity

Membranes
Peritoneum the

serous membrane
lining on the
abdominal cavity and
covering most of the
viscera

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Serosa serous membrane

1) A thin membrane lining

that closed cavities of

the body
2) Has two layer:

- parietal lining
- visceral lining
Space in between of
the two layers , which
filled with serous fluid
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Ventral cavities
2) Abdominal cavity
- liver , gall bladder, stomach, spleen,
pancreas, smal intestine and parts of large
intestine
3) Pelvic cavity
- sigmoid (lower) colon, rectum, urinary
bladder and reproductive organs

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Organs in the abdominal & pelvic

cavities

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Abdominopelvic quadrants

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Different system of the

body
1) Integumentry
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

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system
Digestive system
Endocrine system
Reproductive
system
Urinary system
Special senses

7) Respiratory system
8) Cardiovascular system
9) Nervous system
10) Muscular system
11) Skeletal system
12) Lymphatic & immune system

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The Integumentary System

Major organ:
Skin
Hair
Sweat glands
nails
Functions:
Protects against
environmental hazards
Helps regulate body
temperature
Provides sensory
information
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The Nervous System

Major organ:

Brain

Spinal cord

Peripheral nerves

Sense organs
Functions:

Directs immediate response to

stimuli

Coordinates or moderates
activities of other organ
systems

Provides and interprets sensory

information about external
conditions
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The Skeletal System

Major organ:
Bones
Cartilages
Associated ligaments
Bone marrow
Functions:
Provides support &
protection for other tissues
Stores calcium & other
minerals
Forms blood cells
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The Muscular System

Major organ:
Skeletal muscle and
associated tendons
Functions:
Provides movement
Provides protection &
support for other tissue
Generates heat that
maintains body
temperature
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The Endocrine System

Major organ:

Pituitary gland

Thyroid gland

Pancreas

Adrenal glands

Gonads

Pancreatic glands

Functions:

Directs long-term changes in

the activities of other organs
systems

Adjust metabolic activity and

energy use by the body

Controls many structural and

functional changes during
development
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The Cardiovascular System

Major organ:
Heart
Blood
Blood vessels
Functions:
Distributes blood cells, water
, and dissolved materials,
including nutrients, waste
products, oxygen and carbon
dioxide
Distributes heat and assists
in control of body
temperature
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The Lymphatic System

Major organ:
Spleen
Thymus
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
tonsils
Functions:
Defends against
infection and disease
Returns tissues fluids to
the bloodstream
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The Urinary System

Major organ:

Kidneys

Ureter

Urinary bladder

urethra
Functions:

Excretes waste products from

the blood

Controls water balance by

regulating volume of urine
produced

Stores urine prior to voluntary

elimination

Regulates blood ions

concentration and PH
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The Respiratory System

Major organ:

Nasal cavities

Sinuses

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Lungs

alveoli
Functions:

Delivers air to alveoli (sites in

lungs where gas exchange
occurs)

Provides oxygen to blood stream

Removes carbon dioxide from

bloodstream

Produces sounds for

communications
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The Digestive System

Major organ:

Teeth

Tongue

Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

Small intestine

Large intestines

Liver

Gallbladder

Pancreas

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Functions:

Processes and digest food

Absorbs and conserves water

Absorbs nutrients

Stores energy reserves

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The Male Reproductive System

Major organ:
Testes
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Penis
Scrotum
Functions:
Produces male sex cells
(sperm) and hormones
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The Female Reproductive System

Major organ:

Ovaries

Uterine tubes

Uterus

Vagina

Labia

Mammary glands
Functions:

Produces female sex cells

(oocytes) and hormones

Supports developing embryo

from conception to delivery

Provides milk to nourish

newborn infant
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Assignment
1) Name the organs of different system
2) State the function of the system

Refer assessment

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Referance
Waugh A & Grant A (2006) Rose and Wilson :

Anatomy and physiology in health and

illness( 1oth ed). Edinburg; Churchill
Livingstone
Totora G.J & Grabowski S.R (2003) Principle of

anatomy and physiology (10th ed), united

state; John Wiley & sons, inc

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