SDH Transport Systems

SYNCHRONIZATION OF DIGITAL SIGNAL :

SYNCHRONOUS SIGNAL:

In a set of Synchronous signals, the digital transitions in the signals occur

at exactly the same rate. There may be a phase difference between the
transitions of the two signals, and this would lie on specified limits.

SDH is a transmission protocol or it is a set of rules for transmitting the

data from source to destination via optical fiber.

Requirement Of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy ( SDH )

Need for extensive network management capability within the

hierarchy.

Standard interfaces between equipment.

Facilities to add or drop tributaries directly from a high speed

signal.

Standardization of equipment management process.

Need for inter-working between north American and European

systems.

Node View - TJ100MC1

Line Diagram

E1 Tributary Card - TET16/TET21/TET28

E3/DS3 Tributary Card - TE31
TP01
TP01FT
STM-1 Tributary Card - A011
STM-1e/E4 Tributary Card - A1E4

Node view - TJ100MC4

Line Diagram

Tributary Card E1- TET16/TET21/TET28

Tributary Card E3/DS3 - TE31
3 E3/DS3 Tributary Card - TE33
Ethernet Tributary Card ETC
Ethernet Tributary Card ETCFT
TP01
TP01FT
STM1 card A011 or A012
STM-1e/E4 Tributary Card - A1E4
STM-1e Tributary Card - A012E
STM-4 Tributary Card - A041,A041VLR
TR01

TJ100 MC-1 & TJ100 MC-4 can be

configured as Regenerator (REG),
Terminal Multiplexers (TMUX),
Add-Drop Multiplexers (ADM) and
Digital Cross-Connect (DXC)

SDH Network Elements

The Network Elements of SDH Network :

Regenerator (Reg.)
Terminal Multiplexer (TM)
Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)
Digital Cross Connect (DXC)

Regenerator (Reg.)

STM-N

Regenerator

STM-N

It mainly performs 3R function:

1R Reamplification
2R Retiming
3R Reshaping
It regenerates the clock and amplifies the incoming distorted
and attenuated signal. It derive the clock signal from the
incoming data stream.

Regenerator

Terminal Multiplexer (TM)

PDH
SDH

Terminal
Multiplexer

STM-N

It combines the Plesionchronous and synchronous input

signals into higher bit rate STM-N Signal.

Terminal Multiplexer

Tributaries

1
2
3

Line Interface (aggregate)

.
.
(Optional)

Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)

STM-N

Add / Drop
Multiplexer
PDH

SDH

STM-N

Add/Drop Multiplexer

Add / Drop illustration:

1 is dropped; 17 is added

Drop

Tributaries

2
3
...
17

1
5 60
21 25 34 3

Add

17
5 60
21 25 34 3

Synchronous
Transport
Module

ADM makes possibilities of

Extraction from & insertion into high speed SDH bit
streams of Plesiochronous and lower bit rate synchronous
signal.
Ring structure of network which provides the advantage of
automatic back-up path switching in the event of fault.

Digital Cross Connect (DXC)

STM-16
STM-4
STM-1

STM-16
STM-4
STM-1

140 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s

140 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s

Cross - Connect

Digital Cross Connect (DXC)

Digital Cross Connect:
A

digital cross connect is an equipment which has the capability

of interconnecting tributaries
An

Agg to Agg connection, a trib to aggregate connection and a

tributary to tributary connection is also possible in case of a Digital
Cross Connect
Types

Wideband VT/DS1 level

Broadband STS-n/DS3 level &

Narrowband DS0 level

SDH NE: Digital cross

connect (DXC)
1

Ports

Ports

Ports

21

Ports
25

TYPICAL LAYOUT OF SDH LAYER

General view of Path Section designations

PDH
ATM
IP

SDH
multiplexer

SDH
Regenerator
SDH

SDH

Regenerator
Section

#
Crossconnect

SDH

SDH
multiplexer

Regenerator
Section

Multiplex Section

Multiplex Section

Path

PDH
ATM
IP

Topologies

Network Configurations
Point to Point
Point to Multipoint
Mesh Architecture
Ring Architecture

SDH Network Topologies

Regenerator

Terminal
Multiplexer
(TM)

Tributaries

Terminal
Multiplexer
(TM)

Add Drop
Multiplexer
(ADM)

Terminal
Multiplexer
(TM)

Tributaries

Tributaries

Point-to-Point Network

Tributaries

Chain Network

Terminal
Multiplexer
(TM)

Ring Network

Add Drop
Multiplexer
(ADM)
Add Drop
Multiplexer
(ADM)

Add Drop
Multiplexer
(ADM)

Tributaries

Add Drop
Multiplexer
(ADM)

Tributaries

Add Drop
Multiplexer
(ADM)
Tributaries

Add Drop
Multiplexer
(ADM)
Tributaries

Tributaries

Tributaries

Tributaries

Exchange

140Mbit/s

2Mbit/s

STM-4 Ring

Add Drop
Multiplexer
(ADM)
STM-1

140Mbit/s
2Mbit/s

Add Drop STM-1

Multiplexer
(ADM)

2Mbit/s

Exchange

Add Drop
Multiplexer
(ADM)

Add Drop
Multiplexer
(ADM)

Add Drop
Multiplexer
(ADM)

Exchange

Add Drop
Multiplexer
(ADM)

ADM linear route

( Bus )

ADM
Ring
X

X
X

Tributaries

Add/Drop
& Cross Connect
Mux

Add Drop
& Cross connect
Mux

STM-N Links

Tributaries

Tributaries

Add Drop
& Cross connect
Mux

Add Drop
& Cross connect
Mux

Tributaries

Mesh Network

Standard MS Rates :
Optical Signals

Electrical Signals

MS Rate

DS0

64 Kb/s

DS1

1.544 Mb/s

VT1.5

1.728 Mb/s

VT2

2.304 Mb/s

DS3

44.736 Mb/s

OC-1

STS-1

51.84 Mb/s

OC-3

STS-3

155.52 Mb/s

OC-3c

STS-3c

155.52 Mb/s

OC-12

STS-12

622.08 Mb/s

OC-48

STS-48

2488.32 Mb/s

OC-192

STS-192

9953.28 Mb/s

O p tic a l
L evel
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C

1
3
9
12
18
24
36
48
96
1 92

E le c tric a l
L in e R a te
L evel
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST

S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S

1
3
9
12
18
24
36
48
96
192

5
1
4
6
9
1
1
2
4
9

1
5
6
2
3
2
8
4
9
9

.8 4 0
5 .5 2
6 .5 6
2 .0 8
3 .1 2
4 4 .1
6 .2 4
8 8 .3
7 6 .6
5 3 .2

0
0
0
0
6
0
2
4
8

0
0
0
0

P a y lo a d
ra te
( M B ps )

5
1
4
6
9
1
1
2
4
9

0
5
5
0
0
2
8
4
8
6

.1 1 2
0 .3 3
1 .0 0
1 .3 4
2 .0 1
0 2 .6
0 4 .0
0 5 .3
1 0 .7
2 1 .5

6
8
4
6
8
3
7
5
0

O v e rh e a d
R a te
( M bps )

8
2
6
2
2

1
5
1
2
3
4
6
8
1
3

.7 2 8
.1 8 4
5 .5 5
0 .7 3
1 .1 0
1 .4 7
2 .2 0
2 .9 4
6 5 .8
3 1 .7

SD H
E q u iv a le n t

STM - 1
2
6
4
2
8
4
88
76

STM - 4

STM - 16
STM - 64

Frame Structure

Transport Module
STM-1 = 155 Mbit/s
STM-4 = 622 Mbit/s
STM-16 = 2.5Gbit/s
STM-64 = 10Gbit/s
Payload

STM-4

STM-n
STM-n
(n
(n >1)
>1)

One
Section
overhead

STM-1 frame structure

The STM n signal is multiples of frames consisting of
9 rows with 270 bytes in each row
The order of transmission of information is first from
left to right and then from top to bottom
The first 9 bytes in each row are for information and
used by the SDH system itself.This area is divided into 3
parts
Regenerator Section Overhead(RSOH)
Multiplex Section Overhead(MSOH)
Pointers
Sdh22.exe

Data Rate
Overall
9 rows*270 columns*8000frames/sec*8bits/byte
= 155.52Mbps
9 rows*261 columns*8000frames/sec*8bits/byte
=150.336Mbps
User Data/ Payload
9 rows*260 columns*8000frames/sec*8bits/byte
=149.76Mbps

STM-1 frame structure

Check your learning section1

STM-1 frame structure

1-3 rows

RSOH

4th row

AU Pointer

5-9 rows

MSOH

9 Columns

PAY LOAD

261 Columns
270 Columns

Check your learning section2

SDH Multiplexing
Process

STM-N Frame
Is got by Byte Interleaved Multiplexing
of
Lower Order Frame.
For Example
STM-4 is got by Multiplexing 4 STM-1
Frames.

Byte Interleaved multiplexing

SD H

M
U
X
L in e S ig n a l
STM - 4

S T M -3

T rib u ta ry
S ig n a ls
S T M -1

TU
Columns Bytes/ Bandwidth
Format
Frame

Payload

TU 11 3

27

1.728Mbps DS1

TU 12 4

36

2.304Mbps E-1

TU 2

108

6.912Mbps DS-2

12

SDH Over Heads

STM-1 Section
Overhead
Y

1* 1*

Y- 1001 SS11 (S unspecified)

1*- All 1s

Regenerator Section Overhead

A1 & A2 Framing Bytes
These two bytes indicate the beginning of the STM-N frame
J0 Regenerator Section Trace
Its used to transmit a Section Access Point Identifier so
that a section receiver can verify its continued connection to
the intended transmitter
Identifies by a number in the individual STM 1s of a higher
order STM - n

RSOH (contd..)
B1- Bit Interleaved parity (BIP-8)
This is a parity code (even parity), used to check for
transmission errors over a regenerator section
Its value is calculated over all bits of the previous STM-N
frame after scrambling, then placed in the B1 byte of STM-1
before scrambling
E1 Engineering Order wire
This byte is allocated to be used as a local order wire channel
for voice communication between regenerators
This byte functionality is available at both multiplexers and
Regenerators

RSOH (contd..)
F1 User Channel
This byte is set aside for the users purposes
D1 to D3 Data Communication Channel
These three bytes form a 192 kbps DCC for Operation &
management of the SDH System
Network management system sends / receives provisioning,
security, status / control alarm and performance monitoring
command / response by way of DCC

STM Regenerator Section

Overhead
Regenerator Section Overhead :
Performance monitoring (STM-n signal)
Local orderwire
Data communication channels to carry
information for OAM&P
Framing

MS Overhead
B2 Bit Interleaved parity
(BIP 24)
This is used to determine if a transmission error has
occurred over a multiplex section. It is even parity, and is
calculated over all bits of the MS Overhead and the STM-N
frame (except the regenerator section) of the previous STM-N
frame before scrambling
The value is placed in the three B2 bytes of the MS
Overhead before scrambling. These bytes are provided for
all STM-1 signals in an STM-N signal

MSOH (contd..)
K1 & K2 Multiplex Section Protn.
These two bytes are used for MSP signaling between
multiplex level entities for bi-directional automatic protection
switching and for communicating Alarm Indication Signal (AIS)
and Remote Defect Indication (RDI) conditions
D4 to D12 Data Communication Channel
These nine bytes form a 576 kbps DCC for Operation &
management of the multiplexers on a SDH line
Network management system sends / receives provisioning,
security, status / control alarm and performance monitoring
command / response by way of DCC

Automatic Protection Switching

APS is the capability of a transmission system to detect a
failure on a working facility and to switch to a standby
facility to recover the traffic.
Only the Multiplex Section in SDH is protected in this
automatic fashion.
MS protection mechanism is coordinated by K1 and K2
bytes.
Path protection is managed at a higher level by network
management functions

APS (contd..)
Protection Switching is initiated due to :
Signal failure
Signal degradation
In response to commands from a local craft terminal
or a remote network manager.

MSOH (contd..)
E2 Engineering Order wire
This byte is allocated to be
used as a local order wire
channel for voice
communication between
multiplexers
This byte is not accessible at
the regenerators
M1 - Remote Error indication
It is used to indicate the MS layer remote error indication
(MS-REI)

MSOH (contd..)
S1 Synchronization status message
byte (SSMB)
Bits 5 to 8 of this S1 byte are used
to carry the synchronization
messages
0000

Quality unknown (existing sync. network)

0010

G.811 PRC (Primary Reference Clock)

0100

G.812 transit SSU-A (Synchronisation Supply Unit - A)

1000

G.812 local SSU-B (Synchronisation Supply Unit B)

1011

G.813 Option 1 SEC (Synchronous Equipment Timing Clock)

1111

Do not use for synchronization.

SDH Pointers
H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3
Use of Pointers
H1 & H2 = VC payload pointer
It indicates the starting position of VC
H3 = Negative Justification
It is also used for justification
1 = All 1s
AU pointer is also used for concatenation Y = 1001SS11 (S bits unspecified)
SDH provides payload pointers to permit differences in the
phase and frequency of the Virtual Containers (VC-n) with
respect to the STM-N frame

Lower-order pointers are also provided to permit phase

differences between VC-12/VC-2 and the higher-order VC3/VC-4
To accomplish this, a process known as byte stuffing is used

Pointers (contd..)

The value of the pointer has a range of 0 to 782

For example,
If the VC-4 Payload Pointer has a value of 0, then the VC-4
begins in the byte adjacent to the H3 byte of the Overhead;
If the Payload Pointer has a value of 87 (since each row of
the payload has 86 positions), then the VC-4 begins in the byte
adjacent to the K2 byte of the overhead in the byte of the next
row
The pointer value, which is a binary number, is carried in
bits 7 through 16 of the H1-H2 pointer word.
pointer justification.exe

Pointers (contd..)
Positive Pointer Justification
When the data rate of the VC is too slow in relation to the
rate of the STM-1 frame, positive stuffing must occur. An
additional byte is stuffed in, allowing the alignment of the
container to slip back in time. This is known as positive stuffing
Negative Pointer Justification
Conversely, when the data rate of the VC is too fast in
relation to the rate of the STM-1 frame, that negative stuffing
must occur. Because the alignment of the container advances in
time, the payload capacity must be moved forward. Thus,
actual data is written in the H3 byte, the negative stuff
opportunity within the Overhead; this is known as negative
stuffing

AU 4 Positive Pointer
Justification
H1 Y Y

H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3

Points out
Start of VC-4

VC-4 Boundary

Positive justification
H1 Yopportunity
Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3
To next Row
To next Row
Points out
Start of VC-4

H1 Y Y

VC-4 Boundary

H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3

Points out
Start of VC-4

VC-4 Boundary

AU 4 Negative Pointer
Justification
H1 Y Y

H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3

Points out
Start of VC-4

VC-4 Boundary

Negative justification
opportunity
H1 Y Y

H2 1 1

From next row

From next row

Points out
Start of VC-4

H1 Y Y

VC-4 Boundary

H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3

Points out
Start of VC-4

VC-4 Boundary

Multiplexer
Multiplexer Section
Section
Overhead
Overhead
MS Alarm indication signal

Performance Monitoring of individual STM-1s

Protection Switching Information

MS Remote Defect Indication (RDI)

Data channels for OAM&P

Pointer to commencement of synchronous

payload envelope

Express order-wire

Path OverHead

TCM Tandem Connection Monitoring

Path Overhead
J1- Path trace

Starting point of VC
It is used to transmit repetitively a path access
point identifier, similar to J0

B3 Path Bit Interleaved Parity BIP- 8

Error Monitoring over the previous VC-4 frame.

Even parity is used to monitor path errors

POH (contd..)
C2 Signal Label
It is defined to indicate the composition or the
maintenance of the VC-4
Binary

Hex

Mapping

0000 0000

00

Unequipped

0000 0001

01

Equipped,non specific

0000 0010

02

TUG structure

0000 0011

03

Locked TU

0000 0100

04

34 / 45 Mbps into C3 (async)

0001 0010

12

140 Mbps into C4 (async)

0001 0011

13

ATM

0001 0100

14

MAN (DQDB)

0001 0101

15

FDDI

POH (contd..)
G1- Path status

FEBE

FERF

UNUSED

It is defined to send back the path status and

performance to where the path is generated
F2,F3 Path User Channels
It is assigned for user communication purposes
between path elements by the network operator
H4 Multi frame Indicator
H4 byte provides the multiframe information

POH (contd..)
K3 Automatic protection switching(APS) channel
(b1-b4) are assigned for APS signaling for protection
at the VC-4/3 path labels
N1 Network operator Byte
The tandem connection monitoring function is
currently not used

VC12 path overhead

BIP-2 (Bits 1 and 2). The Bit Interleaved Parity (BIP) bits are used to provide an error
monitoring function for the VC-12 path.
REI (Bit 3). The Remote Error Indication (REI) bit is used to communicate detected BIP2 errors back to the VC-12 path originator.
RFI (Bit 4). Remote Fail Indicator (RFI). Not used in present applications.
Signal label (Bits 5 to 7). These bits are used to indicate the payload mapping and
equipped status.
RDI (Bit 8). The Remote Defect Indicator (RDI) bit is used to indicate certain detected
TU path alarms to the VC-12 path originator.

STM
STM Path
Path Overhead
Overhead

Performance Monitoring of STM SPE

Path Status

Path Trace

Signal Label (Unequipped or Equipped)

STM-4 Section OverHead

MAPPING

Elements of SDH
Container (C)
Virtual Container (VC)
Tributary Unit (TU)
Tributary Unit Group (TUG)
Administrative Unit (AU)
Administrative Unit Group (AUG)
Synchronous Transport Module - N (STM N)

Container
Input signals are placed into the containers
It adds stuffing bytes for PDH signals,which compensates for
the permitted frequency deviation between the SDH system and
the PDH signal
C12 (2 Mbps G.703)
C11 (1.5 Mbps)
C2 (6 Mbps)
C3 (34 / 45 Mbps)
C4 (140 Mbps)

Virtual Container
MAPPING : It is a process from Containers to
Virtual containers.
POH

PAYLOAD

POH

PAYLOAD

ANALOGY:
Packing C2 carton box with some more packing
material and labeled as VC2 box

Virtual Container
It adds overheads to a container or groups of tributary units,
that provides facilities for supervision and maintenance of the
end to end paths
VCs carry information end to end between two path access
points through the SDH system
VCs are designed for transport and switching sub-SDH
payloads
VC12 (C12 + POH)
VC11 (C11 + POH)
VC2 (C2 + POH)
VC3 (C3 + POH)
VC4 (C4 + POH)

Virtual Container (contd..)

At each level, subdivisions of capacity can float individually
between the payload areas of adjacent frames. Each
subdivision can be readily located by its own pointer that is
embedded in the overheads.
The pointer is used to find the floating part of the AU or TU,
which is called a virtual container (VC).
The AU pointer locates a higher-order VC, and the TU pointer
locates a lower-order VC. For example, an AU3 contains a VC3
plus a pointer, and a TU2 contains a VC2 plus a pointer.
A VC is the payload entity that travels across the network, being
created and dismantled at or near the service termination point.

Tributary Unit
It adds pointers to the VCs
This pointer permits the SDH system to compensate for
phase differences within the SDH network and also for the
frequency deviations between the SDH networks
TUs acts as a bridge between the lower order path layer
and higher order path layer
TU12 (VC12 + pointer)
TU2 (VC2 + pointer)
TU3 (VC3 + pointer)

Tributary Unit Group

It defines a group of tributary units that are multiplexed
together
As a result, a TU group could contain one of the following
combinations
Three TU-12s (TUG 2)
Seven TUG-2s (TUG 3)

Administrative Unit
It adds pointer to the HO Virtual containers(similar to the

tributary unit)
AU - 3 (VC-3 + pointer)
AU - 4 (VC-4 + pointer)

Administrative Unit Group

It defines a group of administrative units that are

multiplexed together to form higher order STM signal

Synchronous Transport Module n

It adds section overhead (RSOH & MSOH) to a number
of AUGs that adds facilities for supervision &
maintenance of the multiplexer & regenerator sections
This is the signal that is transmitted on the SDH line
The digit n defines the order of the STM signal

SDH Generalised Multiplexing

Structure

Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N signal

A corresponding arrangement is used for demultiplexing

Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N

2.048 Mbps

1 2 3

(E1)

32

32 Bytes

Stuffing Bytes

C-12

1 23

32

34 Bytes

POH (Lower Order)

VC-12

1 23

32

35 Bytes

Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N

Pointer

TU-12
36 Bytes

TU 12 is arranged
Into Matrix of 9 X 4

9 Rows

4 Columns

Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N

TU-12

TU-12

TU-12

9 Rows

4 Columns

4 Columns

4 Columns

Multiplexing

TUG-2

9 Rows

12 Columns

Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N

7 TUG-2s

Stuffing Bytes

X 7 TUG-2

TUG-3(multiplexing)

TUG 3

86 Columns

84 Columns

Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N

TUG - 3

TUG - 3

TUG - 3
86 Columns

VC - 4

X 3 TUG3

HOPOH Stuffing Bytes

258 Columns
261 Columns

Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N

9 rows

POH

VC - 4

Pay Load

261 Columns

AU Pointer

h Row

9 Columns

POH

AU 4 (Adding Pointer)

Pay Load

261 Columns
mapping E1.exe

SYNCHRONIZATION

Synchronization
Synchronization is the means of keeping
all of the digital equipment in your
network operating at the same rate.
In terms of synchronous networks
(SDH/SONET), this means that all network
elements must be oriented towards a single
clock. In SDH and SONET, higher bit rates and
synchronization are the major Advances
compared to older transmission technologies.
This is the only way to assure uniform
standardization at all hierarchy levels and
represents a major challenge for system
manufacturers and network operators.

Primary Reference
Clock ( PRC )
Stratum 1

SYNCHRONIZATION
HIERARCHY

DIGITAL
EXCHANGE
Stratum 1

TRANSMISSION NETWORK

Digital Exchange
Stratum 2

Digital Exchange
Stratum 2

Digital Exchange
Stratum 2

Transmission Network
Digital
Exchange
Stratum 3

Digital
Exchange
Stratum 3

Digital
Exchange
Stratum 3

Digital
Exchange
Stratum 3

Digital
Exchange
Stratum 3

The network illustrates

the digital network
synchronization
hierarchy,with all clocks
normally operating at the
same frequency as the
reference source. A large
network can comprise the
interconnection of many
such clusters of nodes,
each operating
plesiochronous.

Clock Hierarchies

CLOCK SUPPLY HIERARCHY

STRUCTURE

S1 Clk : Cesium / Rubidium atomic clk.

Accurate upto 0.00001ppm.
Loses 1sec every 3000yrs.
S2 Clk : Accurate to 0.016ppm.
<255 slips in 1st 86 days after loosing S1 link.
1st slip cant occur within first 7 days.
S3 Clk : Accurate upto 4.6ppm.
<255 slips in 1st 24hrs after loss of reference.
1st slip cant occur <6mins after reference loss.
S4 Clk : No guarantee.

Stratum
1
2
3
4

Accuracy Skip Rate Notes

2.523/Year
PRC
10*10-11
11.06/Day
Electronic Switch Sys
1.6*10-8
4.6*10-6 132.48/Hour DCS
PBX, CPE
3.2*10-5 15.36/Min

SYNCHRONIZATION
All network elements are synchronised to a central clock
The central clock is generated by a high precision primary
clock(prc)-G.811 (10x10-11 )
Clock is distributed throughout the network,this signal is
passed on to the Sub-ordinate Synchronization units (ssu)
and synchronous equipment clock (sec)

Primary

Secondary

Selector

Internal
Clock

Auotmatic Switch
Timing Signal Generator (TSG)

Internal Diagram of
BITS

S1 Synchronization status message byte (SSMB)

Synchronization Status Messaging is the transmission of
synchronization quality messages between NEs.

Bits 5 to 8 of this S1 byte are used to carry the synchronization

messages
0000

Quality unknown (existing sync. network)

0010

G.811 PRC (Primary Reference Clock)

0100

G.812 transit SSU-A (Synchronisation Supply Unit - A)

1000

G.812 local SSU-B (Synchronisation Supply Unit B)

1011

G.813 Option 1 SEC (Synchronous Equipment Timing Clock)

1111

Do not use for synchronization.

QL settings for use with SSM

Example: Ring synchronization

Figs. A,B,C give a simple example of ring synchronization using four

network elements and
a PRC clock source:
. Configuration of network elements for clock distribution
. Clock distribution behavior when a fault occurs
During normal operation, the complete ring is clocked by the PRC,
which is directly connected to NE 1 (clock input T3). This NE cannot
derive a clock from the data inputs and is not configured initially as
a clock port. This prevents possible clock loops.
The other three network elements derive the clock from the
incoming data signals. The best clock source is always used (here,
PRC). The output signals have this clock quality, so PRC is indicated
in the S1 byte. To avoid clock loops, Don't Use for Synchronization
(DNU) is indicated in the S1 byte in the opposite direction.
At NE 4, PRCs are present at both data ports. In this case according
to the clock derivation table determining the priority in case of
identical clock priority, the clock from NE 3 is used.

What happens to the ring in case of a fault ?

In this case, NE 3 no longer receives a valid synchronization
signal from NE 2, so it operates in holdover mode (Fig. B)
since an alternative clock source is not yet available. This is
also indicated in the S1 byte (SEC) towards NE 4.
NE 4 now receives a signal with PRC quality from NE 1 in the
reverse direction. According to the clock derivation table, NE
4 takes the synchronization clock from the reverse direction
(NE 1).
The same applies to NE 3, which uses the clock from NE 4
from the reverse direction (Fig. C).
Despite the disruption, all of network elements still use the
PRC clock.

Errors & Alarms

TYPICAL LAYOUT OF SDH LAYER

General view of Path Section designations

PDH
ATM
IP

SDH
multiplexer

SDH
Regenerator
SDH

SDH

Regenerator
Section

#
Crossconnect

SDH

SDH
multiplexer

Regenerator
Section

Multiplex Section

Multiplex Section

Path

PDH
ATM
IP

Numerous alarm and error messages are built into SDH. They are known
as defects and anomalies, respectively. They are coupled to network
sections and the corresponding overhead information.

The advantage of the alarms monitoring are illustrated as follows :

Complete failure of a connection results, for example, in a LOS alarm
(loss of signal) in the receiving network element.
This alarm triggers a complete chain of subsequent messages in the
form of AIS.
The transmitting side is informed of the failure by the return of an RDI
alarm (remote defect indication).
The alarm messages are transmitted in defined bytes in the TOH or
POH.

Types of Alarms
Equipment Alarms
Facility Alarms

What is difference between a Defect and a Failure?

A defect is a detection of an alarm such as loss of

signals, loss of frames. AIS loss of excessive errors.

A failure is a defect that persists beyond a maximum time

allocated. It is used to access to integrate Automatic
Protection Switching ( APS ).

Equipment Alarms

Card Failure
Card Mismatch
Card Missing
DCN Failure
Fan Failed
Disk 90% full
Derived Voltage high/low
I/p Voltage on PSU high/low
LAN port down
Memory usage exceeded
SW download failed
Temperature too high

Facility Alarms

AIS E1/MS/P/STM
LOS
LOF
OOF
LOM
LFD
RDI MS/P
REI MS/P
RFI P
LOP MS/P
TIM RS/MS/P
PLM P

Cont..

Signal Degrade
Signal Fail
Timing Reference Failed
Forced Switch Active
Forced Switch to channel
Manual Switch Active
Manual Switch to channel
Laser Bias Voltage high/low
Derived I/p voltage high/low

LOS

Signal Degrade

Signal Fail

Loss Of Signals ( LOS ) :

It could be due to cut cable, excessive attenuation of the

signal or an equipment fault.

The LOS state will clear when 2 consecutive framing

patterns are received and no LOS condition is detected.

@ RSOH
OOF

LOF

TIM(J0)

DCC Fail

Out of Frame (OOF ) :

This situation occurs when 4, or in some

implementations, 5 consecutive SDH frames are
received with invalid framing patterns(A1 and A2
bytes)

The maximum time to detect OOF is therefore 625Ms

The OOF clears when consecutive SDH frames are

received with valid framing patterns

Loss Of Frame ( LOF ) :

The LOF occurs when the OOF state exists for a

specified time in msecs

If OOFs are intermittent,the timer is not reset to zero

until an in frame state persists continuously for
specified time in msecs

As the framing bytes are there in Regenerator section

overhead(RSOH) this alarm is sometimes known as
RS-LOF

@ MSOH
AIS/RDI(K1,K2)

DCC Fail

Timing Reference Signal Fail(S1)

REI(M1)

MS-AIS :

This alarm is sent by a Regenerator Section Terminating

equipment(RSTE) to alert the downstream Multiplex section
Terminating Equipment(MSTE) of detected LOS or LOF
state

It is indicated by an STM-N signal containing valid RSOH

and a scrambled all 1s pattern in the rest of the frame

The MS-AIS is detected by the MSTE when bits 6 to 8 of

the received k2 byte are set to 111 for 3 consecutive
frames

Removal is detected by the MSTE when bits 6 to 8 of the

received k2 byte are set with a pattern other than 111 in
bits 6 to 8 of k2

AU-4 AIS :

This is sent by MSTE(Multiplex Section Terminating

Equipment) to alert the downstream higher order path
terminating equipment (HOPTE) of a detected LOP state or
a received AU path AIS

The AU-4 path AIS is indicated by transmitting an all 1s

pattern in the entire AU-4(I.e an all 1s pattern in H1,H2
and H3 bytes pointer bytes plus all bytes of associated VC4)

Removal of AU-4 path AIS is detected when three

consecutive valid AU pointers are received with normal
NDFs

TU-12 AIS :

This is sent downstream to alert the Lower Order Path

Terminating Equipment(LOPTE) of a detected TU-12 LOP
state or a received TU-12 path AIS

TU-12 path AIS is indicated by transmitting an all 1s pattern

in the entire TU-12 (I.e all 1s in pointer bytes v1,v2,v3and
v4 plus all bytes of associated VC)

The TU-12 AIS detected by the LOPTE when all 1s pattern

is received in bytes v1 and v2 or three consecutive multiframes.

Removal of TU-12 is detected when three consecutive valid

TU-12 pointers are received with normal NDFs

REI & RDI:

If network is failed due to fault in network connection itself,
breakup in path or fault in terminal equipment then RDI
(Remote Defect Indication) alarm will appear.

If the received signal contains bit errors, the receiving

network element detects and reports BIP errors. Since this is
not the same as a complete failure of the connection, the
alarm here is referred to as an anomaly that is indicated back
in the direction of transmission. The return message is called
a REI (Remote Error Indication).

@ HOPOH
TIM(J1)

PLM(C2)

REI,RDI,PLM,TIM,AIS,LOP(G1)

LOM(H4)

IEC,TC-REI/OEI/API/RDI/ODI(N1)

Loss Of Pointer (LOP )

The LOP state occurs when n consecutive invalid pointers

are received or n New Data Flags(NDF) are received(other
than in a concatenation indicator)

The LOP state is cleared when 3 equal valid pointers or 3

consecutive AIS indications are received.This alarm is very
rare in steady state because the pointer is either valid or is all
1s

An AIS indication is all 1s pattern in the pointer

bytes.Concatenation is indicated when the pointer bytes are
set to 1001XX1111111111 I.e NDF enabled(H1 and H2
bytes for AU LOP; v1 and v2 bytes for TU LOP)

Loss Of Multiframe (LOM )

The LOM state occurs on SDH LOVCs & SONET VTs.

LOM is detected by checking the 7 & 8 bit of H4 Byte.

LOM is recovered when an error free H4 sequence is found

in 4 consecutive VC n frames.

@LOPOH
REI,RDI,RFI,PLM,AIS,LOP(V5)

TIM/PLM(J2)

AIS,TC-REI/OEI/API/RDI/ODI(N2)

Some SDH alarms :

SDH
MUX

STM-1

SDH
MUX

MS-REI

SDH
MUX

RFI

Cable Cut

STM-1

Excessive
Errors

SDH
REGEN
STM-1

Cable Cut
STM-1

STM-1

Loss
of
Signal

SDH
MUX

Loss
of
Signal
SDH
MUX

Loss
of
Frame
SDH
MUX

SDH
REGEN

RFI

SDH
REGEN

STM-1

MS-AIS

PROTECTION SCHEMES

Failure Events
According to ATIS
Causes
1) Fiber cable dig-ups
2) Fiber cable non-dig-ups
3) Digital cross-connects
4) Synchronization timing
5) Internal power components

Protection Schemes
Linear Protection (1+1,1:1,1:N)
Ring protection:
Unidirectional (UPSR/SNCP, MSP)
Bi-directional (2FMSSP, 4FMSSP)

1+1 Protection
In 1+1 protection, for each of the working unit(Which can be
either unit or path)there will be a corresponding protection unit
Both the units will be carrying data all the time ,the receiving
end will select the better of the two signals
In case of failure,there will be a switching from working to
protection
Even if the fault in the working unit is rectified ,there will be
no automatic switching from protection unit back to working
unit
This is called Non-Revertive type(because there is no
automatic reversion from working to protection even when the
working unit is functioning properly)

1+1 Protection
SDH Multiplexer

SDH Multiplexer

Multiplex Section

Working Section
Protection Section

SDH Multiplexer

SDH Multiplexer

Working Section
Fault
Protection Section

1+1 Card Protection

1+1 Protected Linear Link

1:1 Protection(Dedicated Protection)

Even in 1:1 protection, for each of the working
unit(Which can be either unit or path)there will be a
corresponding protection unit
Only working unit will be carrying data all the time,in
case of the failure in the protection unit there will be a
switching to the protection unit
Once the fault in the working unit is rectified there will be
a switching from protection unit back to the working unit
This is called Reversion type(because there is an
automatic reversion from protection back to the working
once the working unit is restored)

1: N Protection

1:N protection is very similar to 1:1

protection,except the fact that for N working units
there will be one protection unit
This is also called revertive protection,because as
soon as the fault in the working unit is rectified
there will be an automatic reversion from working
to protection

1:N Card Protection

1:N Protected Linear Network

Path Protection
working path

B
VC-n

C
path protection
switching
within 30 ms

protection path

VC-n

Unidirectional Operation

Bidirectional Operation

Unidirectional Path Switched

Ring/SNCP

UPSR/SNCP
In Uni-directional rings,signal is being carried in only
one direction that is either clockwise or anti-clockwise
Only in case of failure there will be a switching in the
other direction also
In the above example let us assume that there is an
interruption in the circuit between A and B.Direction y is
unaffected by this fault , an alternative path must
however,be found for direction X
The connection is therefore switched to the alternative
path in the Network elements A and B
The other network elements(C and D) switch through the
back up path

UPSR/SNCP

A simpler method is to use the so-called path switched ring

Traffic is transmitted simultaneously over both the working
line and the protection line
If there is an interruption, the receiver (in this case
A)switches to the protection line and immediately takes up
the connection

Advantages of UPSR/SNCP
Unidirectional protection switching is a
simple scheme to implement and does not
require a protocol.
Unidirectional protection switching can be
faster than bidirectional protection switching
because it does not require a protocol.
Under multiple failure conditions there is a
greater chance of restoring traffic by
protection

Unidir. MS Dedicated Protection Ring - normal State

Unidir. MS Dedicated Protection Ring - failed State

MSSP

In this type bandwidth is segregated in to three ways

Working Traffic

Extra Traffic

Non Pre-emptible unprotected Traffic (NUT)

2F Multiplexer Section Shared Protection

2 Fiber MSSP Normal condition

F

Tributary
Tributary
B

ADM

D
One Fiber

2 Fiber MSSP - Fault

F

Tributary
Tributary
B

ADM

2F MSSP
Node A

Node B

Node C

Fiber 1

Fiber 2
working
protection

Node F

Node E

Node D

2F MSSP
Node A

Node B

Node C

Fiber 1

Fiber 2
MS Protection
Switching
within 50 ms

Node F

Node E

Node D

2F MSSP (Multiplexer Section Shared Protection)

In this network connection between network elements
are bi-directional.the overall capacity of the network can
be split up for several paths each with one bi-directional
working line
While for unidirectional rings,an entire virtual ring is
required for each path
If a fault occurs between neighboring elements A and
B,network element B triggers protection switching and
controls network element A by means of the k1 and k2
bytes in the SOH

4F MSSP

4 Fiber MSSP - Normal

A

Tributary
Tributary

ADM

4 Fiber MSSP (Span Switch) - Fault

A

Tributary
Tributary
B

C
Working Fiber 1+2

Protection Fiber 3+4

4 Fiber MSSP (Ring Switch) - Fault

A

Tributary
B

Tributary

C
Working Fiber 1+2

D
Protection Fiber 3+4

NODE A

NODE D

NODE B

NODE C

NODE E

NODE F

STS-n
NODE A

NODE D

NODE B

NODE C

NODE E

NODE F

STS-n

NODE A

NODE D

NODE B

NODE C

NODE E

NODE F

NODE A

NODE D

NODE B

NODE C

NODE E

NODE F

NODE A

NODE D

NODE B

NODE C

NODE E

NODE F

NODE A

NODE D

NODE B

NODE C

NODE E

NODE F

4F MSSP
Even greater protection is provided by bi-directional rings
with 4 fibers
Each pair of fibers transports working and protection
channels
This results in 1:1 protection, i.e.100% redundancy
This improved protection is coupled with relatively high
costs

Advantages of MSSP
With bidirectional protection switching operation, the
same equipment is used for both directions of
transmission after a failure.
With bidirectional protection switching, if there is a fault in
one path of the network, transmission of both paths
between the affected nodes is switched to the alternative
direction around the network. No traffic is then transmitted
over the faulty section of the network and so it can be
repaired without further protection switching.
Bidirectional protection switching is easier to manage
because both directions of transmission use the same
equipments along the full length of the trail.

COMBINATIONS PROTECTIONS
Protected Add/ Drop With MSP on 1 Pair of Tribs

Dual trib to aggreagate with MSP

on aggregates and MSP on 2 tribs

Protected Add/Drop with Card

Protection on 1 Trib

Unprotcted Trib to Trib with Card

Protection on 2 Tribs

Protected Trib to Trib with cp on 1

trib and MSP on 2 tribs

Node Element Ring

Types of Traffic Matrix

Advantage of SDH :

The SDH is based on global international standard.

Faster provision of services by remoter control.
In service performance monitoring of signals.
Possibility of control of circuit routing by customers.
Easier management of bandwidth.
Remote test access and maintenance from a central location.
Optical Transmission interfaces.
It will allow existing PDH hierarchies to be transported in
the SDH.

Advantage of SDH (Contd.):

Reduced amount of equipment in the network and hence

savings on accommodation and power consumption.

Greater equipment reliability due to advanced electronic

circuitry and 1+1 protection.

Improved protection facilities for transmission failures.

Advance network management features.
Single stage multiplexing into the higher bit rates.
Cross connect functionality can be distributed around the
network.

Advantage of SDH (Contd.):

Software and configuration information can be

downloaded to network elements.

Reliability of ring networks using path protection.

There are cost saving and increased revenue to the

network operation.

Equipment from different manufacturer can be

connected together in the same network.

Implementation of new broadband services such as

ATM is made easier.

COMPARISION OF SDH / PDH

PDH

SDH

The reference clock is not

synchronized throughout the
network

The reference clock is synchronized

throughout the network.

Multiplexing / Demultiplexing
operations have to be performed
from one level to the next level step
by step.

The synchronous multiplexing

results in simple access to SDH
system has consistent frame
structures throughout the hierarchy.

PDH system has different frame

structures at different hierarchy
levels.

SDH system has consistent frame

structures throughout the
hierarchy.

Physical cross-connections on the

Digital cross- connections are
same level on DDF are forced if any provided at different signal levels
and in different ways on NMS

Comparison (Contd.)
PDH

SDH

G.702 specifies maximum 45Mpbs

& 140Mpbs & no higher order
(faster) signal structure is not
specified

G.707 specified the first level of

SDH.That is, STM-1, Synchronous
Transport Module 1st Order &
higher. (STM-1,STM-4,STM16,STM-64)

PDH system does not bear capacity

to transport B-ISDN signals.

SDH network is designed to be a

transport medium for B-ISDN,
namely ATM structured signal.

Limited amount of extra capacity for

user / management

It will transport service bandwidths

Sufficient number of OHBs is
available

Bit - by - bit stuff multiplexing

Byte interleaved synchronous

multiplexing.