Antenna

Effective
Length:
It
is
a
quantity
to
determine the
voltage

far-field quantitycomplex vector quantity

the effective length of a linearly polarized antenna receiving a plane

wave in a given direction is defined as the ratio of the magnitude of
the open-circuit voltage developed at the terminals of the antenna
to the magnitude of the electric-field strength in the direction of the
antenna polarization.

Antenna Aperture
The concept of aperture is most simply
introduced by considering a Rx antenna.
suppose that the Rx antenna a Rectangular
horn immersed on the field of Uniform Plane
Wave.

 Let the poynting vector or power

density of the plane wave = pd w/m2
Area or physical aperture of the horn
= A p m2
If the horn extracts all the power
from the wave over its entire
physical aperture,
E2
p
Ap Pd Ap
Then the total power
P
absorbed
by
Z
The EM horn may be regarded as having an aperture,
the power
waveit is
the total
extracts from a passing wave being
proportional to the aperture .
The horn is NOT uniform then the Effective aperture Ae is
Ae by
less than the physical apertureAp given
ap

Ap

 Consider now an antenna with an effective

aperture Ae, which radiates all of its
power in a conical pattern of beam area A
E A Ae
Er
r

Assume uniform Electric field E a over the

aperture, the power radiated P=
Ea2
watts.
Ae.
Z
A uniform E-field Er in the far field at a
distance , the power is given by Epr =2
r

A
watts
Z
o

 Equating the above two equations

and substituting Er
2
A
=Ae
m2 (aperture beam solid
angle relation)
4
4
Ae
D

4 2
p d , d A

Directivity cum aperture

Relation Between Aperture and

Directivity

At- Transmitting Antenna

Ar- Receiving Antenna
Dt- Transmitting Antenna Directivity
Dr- Receiving Antenna Directivity
If Tx antenna is Isotropic, the Radiated
Power Density (W) at a distance R is

Combing

I/P Impedance
function of Frequency
Geometry
Method of Excitation
Proximity
Surroundings

 Antenna terminal Impedance

Consider the antenna simply is circuit element that
must be properly matched to the rest of the
network for efficient power transfer.
The I/p or terminal Impedance of an antenna is
complicated function of frequency
At a single frequency it is represented by a
resistance and capacitance
A better approximation
applicable to linear
antenna involves with a distributed N/W; such as a
Txline.

For length of antenna less than

length, the
4
input impedance can be represented over a narrow
band of frequency by R and c in series R=
Radiation Resistance and C= capacitive reactance.


For length of antenna greater than
4
length,
the I/P inductive and would be
Antenna Temperature
and
represented
R in Series with L.

S/N Ratio

The Noise power available team a Resistor R

at absolute temperature T0k
Pa= KTB
B- Band width in Hz
K- Boltzmanns constant k= 1.37 * 1023
Joules/Degree Kevin
Noise power is independent of the value of R
Directly proportional to T

 The maximum power available

from any
2
v
source having resistance R is P a=
4R
The Thermal Noise voltage across R at
2 KTBR
Temperature oTK is V=
Consider an input signal SA generated by a
source at temperature TA,
the 0/P signal power S from an amplifier of
power gain G =SAG
The 0/p Noise power = amplified antenna
noise + Receiver Noise
i,e N= KTABG+ PN = kTABGT+ KTeBG
Te- effective noise temperature

S AG
SA
S

N G (TA Te ) KB (TA TE ) KB

Hence the input signal required to

produce a Specified output S/N ratio
is proportional to TA (effective
antenna noise temperature ) plus
effective noise temperature Ne

Consider the magnetic field Intensity of

jIois dl
hertzian dipole
r

4r

Sine a

Calculate The Time average radiated

power,
Radiation
Intensity
and
Directivity?
We know that from fundamentals
E
Ex
Ey
E

H
Hy
Hy
H

Formulas used
E H ...... ( A)

1
Time average power density Pave = Re E H
2
1
Re E H * ar .....
2

1
H
2

Prad Pave .ds.......(c)

s

directivity D or G
4 * max directivity

Prad

r 2 * Pave ..... (d )
......(e)

1 E
2

(b)

Consider the magnetic field Intensity of hertz an dipole is

cos
2
a where I o current

r dis tan ce
2r sin

jI o e jr cos

Calculate The Time average radiated power, Radiation Intensity and

Directivity?
We know that from fundamentals

1
Re E H
Time average power density Pave = 2
1
Re E H * ar
2

then

j Im e jr
H
2r

cos
cos

Sin

1
H
2

1 E
2