CIV 510.

1: Bridge Engineering

SLOPE PROTECTION
Presented by Group 6

Gio ALCA

Anne JAVELOSA

Jessa RANCES

Renzo ROLDAN

Louies UNGRIA

SOIL SLOPE

UNRESTRAINED SLOPE
is an exposed ground surface that stands at an
angle with the horizontal
The slope can be natural or constructed

INSTRUMENTS USED IN SOIL SLOPE

DETERMINATION

HAND LEVEL
for rough leveling work
useful for extending approximate elevations

INCLINOMETERS
measure horizontal displacements along various
points on a borehole
ideally suited to
long-term, precise
monitoring of the
position of a
borehole over its
entire length

EXTENSOMETERS
for rough leveling work
useful for extending approximate elevations

CLASSES OF SOIL SLOPE

DEFINITIONS OF SLOPE
CLASSES

LAND SURFACE SHAPE

TWO COMPONENTS OF
LAND SURFACE SHAPE
1. Direction roughly parallel to the contours of
the landform
2. Direction perpendicular to the contours

LAND SURFACE SHAPE

Causes of Slope Failure

Erosion
Loss of such interlocking significantly reduces
the rock mass shear strength. The resulting
decrease in shear strength may allow a
previously stable rock mass to move causing
slope failure.

Seepage
Seepage forces in the sloping direction
add to gravity forces and make the slope
susceptible to instability. The pore water
pressure decrease the shear strength. This
condition is critical for the downstream slope.

Sudden Drawdown
There is reversal in the direction flow and
results in instability of side slope. Due to
sudden drawdown the shear stresses are
more due to saturated unit weight while the
shearing resistance decreases due to pore
water pressure that does not dissipate
quickly.

Rainfall
Long periods of rainfall saturate, soften, and
erode soils. Water enters into existing cracks
and may weaken underlying soil layers,
leading to failure, for example, mud slides.

Earthquakes
They induce dynamic shear forces. In addition
there is sudden buildup of pore water pressure
that reduces available shear strength.

External Loading
Additional loads placed on top of the slope
increases the gravitational forces that may
cause the slope to fail.

Construction Activities
at the toe of the slope: Excavation at the
bottom of the sloping surface will make the
slopes steep and thereby increase the
gravitational forces which may result in slope
failure.

RETAINING WALLS

What is a Retaining Wall?

Retaining walls are structures whose aim is to
restrict the movement of soil at unnatural slopes
(difference in elevation). They are being used
for quite some time now and are a frequent
sight in mountainous regions where roads have
been built. Apart from that, retaining walls are
also used to restrain water.

How does Retaining

work?

Wall

Different types of retaining wall work differently,

however, the main consideration in designing
and subsequently the working principle of a
retaining wall is to overcome the pressure and
moment being exerted by the entity that it is
being used to restrain. For instance; if youre
restraining soil, there will be lateral earth
pressure that is dependent on the angle of
friction (phi) and the cohesive strength of soil. It
is important to provide water pores so that
hydraulic pressure can be relieved from the wall,

Retaining Wall

Types of Retaining Wall

Gravity
Cantilevered
Sheet piling
Anchored
Cellular Confinement
Soil nailing
Soil-strengthened
Gabion meshes
Mechanical stabilization

Types of Retaining Wall

Types of Retaining Wall

Types of Retaining Wall

Types of Retaining Wall

Applications
Wall
Dams
Slope Stabilization
Mountain roads
Homes
Marine Works
High security Fencing
Protection of Culverts

of

Retaining

Precautionary Measures
Water Drainage Pores must be provided.
Factor of safety
Simulations should be run before construction.
Usually one method of retaining wall is not
enough and you should combine 2-3 techniques
to achieve the desired result.
Increase in height wont increase the capability
of retaining wall, rather it would decrease it.

TYPES OF SLOPE
PROTECTION

Rock Slope Protection

Two Methods:
Method A: used where the stability of
the rock slope protection is
considerably dependent on the manner
in which the individual rocks are placed.
Method B: is not restrictive with respect
to the placement of individual rocks

Concreted-Rock Slope
Protection
used where large rock is not
economically available in large
quantities, yet a heavy, service type
of protection is required
involves constructing a heavy mass
of smaller rocks bound together by
concrete

Small-Rock Slope Protection

consists of excavating and backfilling
the footing trench, placing rock slope
protection fabric, and placing small
rocks on the slope

Concrete Slope Protection

consists of paving the embankment
with Portland cement concrete
adaptable to locations where highvelocity flow is not detrimental, but
desirable, and the hydraulic
efficiency of smooth surfaces is
important

Broken-Concrete Slope
Protection
consists of placing broken concrete
from job site locations identified
within the contract

Slope Paving
covers a variety of methods for
paving slopes, including colored slope
paving, exposed aggregate slope
paving, and slope paving with
concrete pavers.

Gabions
consists of placing wire mesh boxshaped baskets filled onsite with
hard, durable rocks

Sacked-Concrete Slope
Protection
used when a number of serious
failures have
occurred
failures are usually associated with the
foundation or water getting behind the
slope protection and peeling off the
protection