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Management of Technology

Lecture Notes for Business Introduction


By Fahmy Radhi

Management of Technology and


Innovation
Management of

Technology (MOT) is
an interdisciplinary
field study that
integrates science,
engineering and
management
knowledge

MOT Levels
Macro level a field of knowledge concerned with

the setting and implementation of policies to deal with


technological development and utilization of
technology on society, organization and individual
Micro Level an interdisciplinary field concerned

with the planning, development and implementation


of technological capabilities to shape and accomplish
the operational and strategic objectives of
organization in the creation and sustainability of
competitive enterprises

Technology Definitions
Technology defines as an essential

input for the production of goods and


service
Technology is all the knowledge,
product, process, tools, methods and
system employed in the creation of
goods or in providing services

Technology Definitions
Technology is the integral body of

technical and organizational (software)


and tools (hardware) used in the
production of goods and services.
Hard technology is technology that is
embodied in machinery and equipment,
Soft technology is the know-how and
information that is disembodied from hard
technology

Types of Technology
Product technology is the knowledge used to

produce any product or service.


Process technology is the knowledge used to
transform some of the inputs for the
production of a given product or service.
Management technology is the knowledge
used to manage the operations of a company
efficiently and effectively

Technology Components
Technoware object embodied into physical facilities,

such as machinery, tools, equipment


Humanware person embodied into human abilities,
such as skills, knowledge, craftsmanship, expertise
and creativity
Infoware record embodied into document
knowledge, such as specifications, manuals, design,
blue print
Orgaware institution embodied into management of
organizational framework, such as management
practices, organizational networks, methods and
techniques

Classification of Technology
New Technology is any newly introduced or

implemented technology that has an explicit impact


on the way a company produces products or provides
services

Emerging technology is any technology hat is not yet

fully commercialized but it will become new


technology within about five years

Appropriate technology optimal used of technology

indicated by a good match between technology


utilized and the resources required

Technology Levels
High Technology refers advanced or

sophisticated technologies utilized by the


company having the following characteristics:
It employs highly educated people such as
scientists and engineers
It use automatic and sophisticated operations
Its technology is changing at a faster rate than that
of other industries
It competes with technological innovation
It has high levels of R&D expenditure

Technology Levels
Low Technology refers to simple technologies that have permeated

large segment markets utilized by the company having the following


characteristics:
It employ people with relatively low levels of education
It uses manual or semiautomatic operation
It has low levels of R&D expenditures
Its technology base used is stable with little change
Its products produced are mostly of the types that satisfy basic
human needs
Medium Technology comprises a wide set of technologies that

fall between high and low technologies. It usually refers to


mature technologies that are more amenable than other to
technology transfer

Classification of level technological capability


at Firm level
Acquisitive capability is the ability needed to acquire

and use technology based on instruction and training


provided by the supplier. This is classified as a basic
level capability.

Adaptive capability is the ability to adapt existing

technology. This is classified as intermediate level


capability.

Innovative capability is the ability to develop existing

technology and create new technologies based on


research

Classification of level technological


capability at Firm level
Marketing capability is the ability for

distributing, selling and servicing


technological products
Investment capability is the ability to

analyze the feasibility of investments


technology

Invention and Innovation


Invention is the creation of a novel

technology. It could be a product, a process


or unknown system. E.g. the steam engine,
the telephone, the transistor, Xerox machine
etc
Innovation involves the creation of new
product, process or service to an organization
and introduce them into the market place by
utilization and commercialization them

Types of Innovations
Incremental Innovations involve the

adaptation, refinement and enhance of


existing product and service, e.g. new
generation of a micro computer

Radical Innovation involve entirely new

product and service or delivery system, e.g.


wireless communication

Technology and Market Interaction

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