Proses Penularan

Penyakit

 Family Caliciviridae
Genus Vesivirus; species: swine
Lagovirus; species: Rabbit
hemorrhagic
disease
Norovirus; species: Norwalk
Sapovirus; species: Sapporo
Found in humans, rabbits, cattle, pigs, cats,
chickens, reptiles, dolphins, sea lions, walruses,
foxes, etc.
Single-stranded RNA, non-enveloped virus.
Not very well studied because they do not grow
in culture and theres no suitable animal model.
Transmission is generally by the fecal-oral
route, but can also be transmitted via the
respiratory route.
Vaccinations reduce the appearance of clinical

 Highly infectious
High degree of genomic
plasticity
RNA polymerase poor ability to
proofread resulting in mutations
Virus responds rapidly to selected
pressures in the environment making
it a very adaptable virus
Replicates in the oral and respiratory

 Worldwide distribution
Direct contact is the main method
of infection.
Shed in oronasal and conjunctival
secretions
Transmitted indirectly via
contamination of the environment
Incubation period of 2-6 days
Shed the virus for 2 to 3 weeks
Persists in the environment for several days to weeks,
and
in some cases up to a year or more, depending on
environmental conditions

Supportive Treatment

Antiviral Therapy

IV or subcutaneous fluids

Ribavirin

Special diet and appetite

Feline Interferon

Stimulants

Immunoglobulins

Tube feeding
Broad spectrum
Antibiotics
Mucolytics
NSAIDS
Corticosteroids
Dental cleaning and tooth

 Calicivirus causes
respiratory symptoms
that
usually heal within 2-3
weeks
Most clear the virus
from
their systems within 30
days
Some
remainpersistently
infected, and will
continue to

 Part of the core vaccination

protocol
suggested for cats
Recommended at 8-9 weeks and
12
weeks of age

kittens
may needimmune
a third status should also
Some
Adult cats
of unknown
bebooster at 16 wks (high risk
situation)
vaccinated (booster 2-4 weeks later)
Herpes virus vaccination
Nearly impossible to avoid a cat contracting this

 2009 study by Jas et al.

Tested 8-9 week old kittens known to be
pathogen free by challenge 1 week and 3-4
weeks after vaccination of an
inactivated FCV vaccine
Efficacy of the vaccination was
comparable whether challenged
1 week or 3-4 weeks after vaccination
Concluded the onset of protection occurred
within 7 days of vaccination

 Novel Calicivirus in
Michigan (MRCV)
Hemorrhage, hepatic
necrosis and sudden death
Highly susceptible = Domestic
rabbits and free-ranging European
rabbits
Unaffected = cottontail and hares
Jan. 2001 - New Zealand White
rabbitry, 65/200, 32.5% fatality

As there is no known cure for calicivirus,

control is essential.
Carcasses should be buried
While animals exposed to the
virus should be quarantined
or euthanized.
Sanitizing objects that have
come in contact with sick
animals can be done more
effectively by using bleach.

Bergin, I.L., A.G. Wise, S.R. Bolin, T.P. Mullaney, M. Kiupel, and R.K. Maes. 2009. Novel
calicivirus
identified in rabbits, michigan, usa. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15.12:19551962.

Jahnke, M., E.C. Holmes, P.J. Kerr, J.D. Wright, and T. Strive. 2010. Evolution and
phylogeography of
the nonpathogenic calicivirus rcv-a1 in wild rabbits in Australia. Journal of Virology,
84.23:
12397-12404.

Jas, D., C. Aeberle, V. Lacombe, A.L. Guiot, and H. Poulet. 2009. Onset of immunity in kittens
after
vaccination with a non-adjuvanted vaccine against feline panleucopenia, feline
calicivirus
and feline herpesvirus. Veterinary Journal, 182.1:86-93.

Mencke, N., M. Vobis, H. Mehlhorn, J. D'Haese, M. Rehagen, S. Mangold-Gehring, & U. Truyen.

2009. Transmission of feline calicivirus via the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis).
Parasitology Research, 105.1:185-189.
Prato, C.M., T.G. Akers, and A.W. Smith. 1977. Calicivirus antibodies in wild fox populations.
Journal of
wildlife disease. 13.448-450.