( )

X-Ray CT DEXA
:

PET
MRI

What is ultrasound ?
Audible frequency range 20 Hz ~20K Hz
Medical Ultrasound frequency
For bone tissue 0.5M Hz ~ 2M Hz
For Abdominal 3.5M Hz ~ 10M Hz
For Ophthalmology 15M Hz ~ 20M HZ
For IVUS
30M Hz ~ 50M Hz
For skin
50M Hz ~ 100M Hz
Acoustic Microscopy 1.5G Hz ~ 2.0G Hz

The main differences between Ultrasound and X-Ray

Ultrasoun
d
Wave type

Transmission

Longitudinal mechanic waves

Elastic medium

X-Ray
Electromagnetic waves

No medium

requirements
Generation

Velocity

Stressing the medium

Depends on the medium

Accelerating the electric charge

It is relatively constant

The properties of wave propagation

Reflection

and transmission

Scattering
Attenuation

Reflection and Transmission

pr Z 2 cos i Z1 cos t Z 2 Z1
r

pi Z 2 cos i Z1 cos t Z 2 Z1
pt
2 Z 2 cos i
2Z 2
t

pi
Z 2 cos i Z1 cos t
Z 2 Z1

Ultrasound properties

Tissue

velocity (m/s)

Water

1480

Air

340

Blood

1566

Cancellous 1450-1800
bone
Cortical
Bone

3000-4000

Liver

1560

Muscle

1550-1630

Impedance (Ns -1m-3)

1.48x10 6
440
1.66x10 6
-

4.1~8x10 6

1.65x10 6
1.66~1.74x10 6

Attenuation (dB cm-1MHz-1)

0.002
0.2
10-40

0.6~0.9
0.5~1.5

Scattering

Backscattering

Attenuation

P ( x) Pi exp(x)
( f ) 0 f

1 n 2

The importance of Medical Ultrasound

The second modality to X-Ray in clinics.
Noninvasive ?
No radiation exposure concern.
Movable (portable).
Low cost to CT, MRI and PET.
Real time images.

The History of Ultrasound (I)

1822---SONAR ( Sound Navigation and Ranging) ---Daniel Colladen,

Used an Underwater Bell to accurately determine the speed of sound
in waters of Lake Geneva.
1877---- Lord Rayleigh, published The Theory of Sound.
1880 --- Pierre Curie, discovered the piezo-electric effect.
1912 ---- Titanic Sank, Alexander Belm described an underwater
echo-sounding device.
1914 --- Reginald Fessenden, Low frequency sonar system

The History of Ultrasound (II)

1918 --- Paul Langevin and Constantin Chilowsky, developed

the high frequency echo-sounding device; hydrophone and
transducer.
1928 --- Soviet scientist, Sergei Y Sokolov, ultrasonic metal flaw
detctors
1935 --- Robert Watson Watt, RADAR ( Radio Detection And
Ranging) system developed.

The History of Ultrasound (III)

The first time use of ultrasound in medicine is therapy.

Early 1940s, Karl Theodore Dussik, first time to put ultrasound
as a diagnostic tool . To locate brain tumor and the cerebral
ventricle by measuring the transmission of ultrasound beam
through the skull.

The history of Ultrasound (IV)

The History of Ultrasound (V)

The History of Ultrasound (VI)

The History of Ultrasound (VII)

The large hand-held circular rotating transducer ( Combison 100) from Kretz
Technik

The History of Ultrasound (VIII)

Linear array probe

Demonstration of 3-D Images

Types of Ultrasonic Wave

Pulse-Echo
Continuous
Shock

wave

Pulse -Echo

Ultrasound Resolution

Frequency & resolution

Frequency

axial resolution

lateral resolution

3.0 MHz
4.0 MHz
5.0 MHz
7.5 MHz
10.0 MHz

1.1 mm
0.8 mm
0.6 mm
0.4 mm
0.3 mm

2.8 mm
1.5 mm
1.2 mm
1.0 mm
1.0 mm

Types of image forming

A-Mode

( Amplitude Mode)
B-Mode ( Brightness-Mode)
C-Mode ( Constant depth)
M-Mode ( Motion mode)
Doppler

A-Mode ( A-Scan) I

Transcranial Doppler ultrasound

A-Mode (A-Scan) II

B-Mode

B-Mode image

B-Scan System

Linear Array

Convex array

Phase array

Dynamic focusing

Dynamic Focusing

This diagram shows how the spatial resolution of the acoustic pulse in the lateral and elevation
dimensions changes as it travels in the axial dimension through the focal plane. These acoustic pressure
amplitude contours are -6 dB relative to the peak amplitude within each slice of the point-spread function
(PSF) as it propagates. Dimensions are relative to the focal point.

Beamformer

Mechanical Scanner

M-Mode (Motion Mode)

Doppler I

Doppler II

Df = 2 f v cos ,
c

Doppler

Ultrasound velocity measurement. The diagram shows a scatterer S moving at velocity V with a beam/flow angle q.
The velocity can be calculated by the difference in transmit-to-receive time from the first pulse to the second (t2), as the
scatterer moves through the beam

Doppler

Doppler ultrasound. Doppler ultrasound measures the movement of the

scatterers through the beam as a phase change in the received signal. The
resulting Doppler frequency can be used to measure velocity if the beam/flow
angle is known.

Effect of the Doppler angle in the sonogram. (A) higher-frequency Doppler signal is obtained if the beam is
aligned more to the direction of flow. In the diagram, beam (A) is more aligned than (B) and produces higherfrequency Doppler signals. The beam/flow angle at (C) is almost 90 and there is a very poor Doppler signal.
The flow at (D) is away from the beam and there is a negative signal.

Continuous Doppler

Pulse Doppler

Continuous Doppler

Pulsed Doppler

Normal color Doppler US. The mean frequency shift of blood flow is depicted in color, and flow direction is arbitrarily
assigned, indicated by the blue and red vertical bar at the right of the image. Blue-coded flow is toward the transducer,
and red-coded flow is away from the transducer. The deeper, more saturated colors have a lower mean frequency
shift.

Calculation of peak systolic velocity (PSV) ratio. The PSVs in the narrowed
(or aliasing) portion of the vessel (right) and in an immediately proximal,
normal portion (left) are obtained. The ratio consists of the elevated
PSV divided by the proximal, normal PSV.

Doppler angle correction

Angle correction, duplex Doppler US. The line (arrow) within the sample
gate is used to estimate the Doppler angle between the ultrasound
beam and the blood flow direction
*The angle is less than 60 degrees

Intensity Definition I

Intensity Definition II

Time Gain Compensator (TGC)

Applications of Ultrasound

Obstetrics
Gynecology
Abdominal
Vascular system
Brain
Prostate
Breast
Musculoskeletal
Eyes

The Mammography and Ultrasound for Breast Cancer Detection

Why is Mammography
Sometimes Uncomfortable?

Patients will feel firm pressure but no significant pain.

The quality of your mammogram is greatly dependent
on compression of the breast, which may sometimes
cause discomfort (the discomfort is brief).
Compression decreases breast motion that can
cause blurry images. Thicker breast tissue also
causes x-ray scatter and that degrades images. The
total x-ray dose to the breast is greatly reduced by
good breast compression. Breast compression also
flattens the breast so that all of the tissue can be
visualized in the image.

MRI Breast Diagnosis

The Benefits of Breast MRI screening

Can image breast implants and ruptures

Highly sensitive to small abnormalities
Used effectively in dense breasts
Can evaluate inverted nipples for evidence of cancer
Can evaluate the extent of breast cancer
Can help determine what type of surgery is indicated (lumpectomy or
mastectomy)
May detect breast cancer recurrences and residual tumors after lumpectomy
Can locate primary tumor in women whose cancer has spread to axillary (armpit)
lymph nodes
Can spot or characterize small abnormalities missed by mammography
May be useful in screening women at high risk for breast cancer, according to
recent studies

Limitations of Breast MRI

MRI takes 30-60 minutes compared to 10-20 minutes for screening

mammography
The cost of MRI is several times the cost of mammography
MRI requires the use of a contrast agent
MRI patients must tolerate any claustrophobia
MRI can be non-specific; often cannot distinguish between cancerous and noncancerous tumors
Minimally invasive breast biopsy techniques need to be further developed to
evaluate abnormalities detected with MRI
Advanced MRI techniques are often not available at most centers (currently
available at research centers)

Electrical Impedance Tomography

Electrical Impedance

The Comparison of Benefits and Limitations of MRI

Sensitive to small abnormalities

Effective in dense breasts
Can image breast implants/ruptures
Can evaluate inverted nipples
Can locate primary tumor in women
whose cancer spread to armpit
lymph nodes
Can detect residual cancer after
lumpectomy
Can determine what type of surgery
is indicated: lumpectomy or
mastectomy
Can detect cancer recurrence after
lumpectomy
May be useful to screen women at
high breast cancer risk

Non-specific; often cannot distinguish

cancerous and non-cancerous tumors
May lead to unnecessary, difficult to
perform biopsies
Cannot image calcifications, tiny
calcium deposits that can indicate early
breast cancers
Expensive and not widely available
Some patients who are claustrophobic
may not tolerate MRI
Requires use of contrast agent
More time-consuming than
mammography
MRI centers cannot always produce
results cited in research studies

The Future of Ultrasound


Contrast

Agent
Harmonic Imaging
Elastography
Densitometry

Harmonic Imaging

Digitally Encoded
Ultrasound

Conventional
Ultrasound

Digitally Encoded
Ultrasound

Much better control of frequency,

bandwidth, and beam formation

Digitally Encoded
Ultrasound
Improved spatial resolution

Improved penetration / contrast

Small lesion identification

Subtle contrast differences

Technically difficult patients

Improved Productivity

Better IQ & probe versatility

Improves all transducers and all applications

DEU Technology
Long & Decays
Ordinary
Pulser
& Proc.

Wave shaping
maintains spectrum
Shorter, better
defined pulses

DEU
Pulser
& Proc.
Short & Sharp

Digital Wave Shaping

Better
Contrast
& Spatial
Resolution

Coded Excitation
Codes are a unique signature on the sound beam
formed by repeating a specific pattern of 1s and 0s
Codes may be used to
- Improve sensitivity (e.g. Coded Excitation in BT98)
- Suppress unwanted signal components
DEU has built-in encoder and decoder
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1

Conventional Pulse

CE Coded Pulse Train

Coded Excitation
High Frequency

Coded Excitation

18 cm

When Sound Travels through Tissue...

High Pressure
=> Tissue compressed
=> Higher velocity

Low Pressure
=> Tissue expanded
=> Lower velocity

Progressive Sound Wave Distortion

Pure Tone

Increasing Harmonics

C+C
C~1.5 km/s

C-C

direction of propagation

General
Benefits

Reverberations
Beam Aberration
Beam sidelobes

fo

2fo

Reduced Haze,
Improved
Conventional Imaging:
reverb noise at fo=> ____
Haze

Harmonic Imaging:
Receiver removes fo
& reverb noise

Cystic Clearing

Physical Origin of Tissue

Harmonics

Sound Propagation in Tissue

Sound Wave Distortion

Tissue Harmonics

Key factors:
distance traveled
sound intensity
tissue type

Basic
Harmonics

Coded
Harmonics

348C
2

Step 1:

5 MHz

Step 2:

Harm.
2

10

Receive
2

10

Step 3:
2

Subtract
2

Step 4:
5

Transmit

Improve
Sensitivity

High Bandwidth = High Resolution

Radiation Dose comparison

Mode
Dual energy
QCT

Site
Lumbar spine

Effective Dose
Equivalent (msv)

Precision (%)

100

4-6

SPA

Forearm

<1

1-2

DPA

Spine

2-4

DEXA

Spine

<1

DEXA

Hip

<1

1-2

BUA

Heel

none

1-2

Regional anesthesia

Digital broadband beamforming

Power Color Doppler Image (PCDI)

UltrasoundAngio

(Diasonic
Color Doppler Energy ( Acuson)
Color Power Angio ( ATL)
Directional Color Angio ( Toshiba)

Example of aliasing and correction of the aliasing. (a) Waveforms with aliasing,
with abrupt termination of the peak systolic and display this peaks bellow the
baseleineSonogram clear without aliasing. (b) Correction: increased the pulse
repetition frequency and adjust baseline (move down)

Transcranial Doppler ultrasound

99 3 16

Outline
The

significance of osteoporosis
How to assess osteoporosis in clinics
The principle of DEXA
The principle of Ultrasound Densitometry
Current commercial Ultrasound
Densitometry
On-going research

Growth and Degeneration

Microstructure of Bone tissue

Normal bone tissue

Osteoporosis

How to assess osteoporosis ?

DEXA
(Dual Energy X-ray Absorptionmetry)
BMD (Bone Mineral Density)

Ultrasound
SOS (Speed of Sound)
BUA (Broadband Ultrasound Attenuation)

DEXA

What is the BMD (Bone Mineral Density) ?

The principle of DEXA

I38 Io38exp[-(S38 M
I70 Io70exp[-(S70 M
M
M

where

B 38 M B )]
S

B 70 M B )]

R B ln(I70 /Io70 ) (I38 /Io38)

S38 S70 R B
R S ln(I70 /Io70 ) (I38 /Io38)

B 38 B 70 R S
R S S38 S70
R B B 38 B 70

The Significance of BMD

What is the T-Score ?

Subjects BMD - Normal Young Mean BMD

T-Score =
Normal Young Standard Deviation BMD

WHO Criteria for T-Score

Normal
Osteopenic

T-Score > -0.1

-2.5 < T-Score < -0.1

Osteoporosis T-Score < -2.5

T-score

What is the Z-score ?

Subjects BMD - Age Matched Mean BMD
Z-Score =
Age Matched Standard Deviation BMD

Converting T-score to Z-score at the hip

Age

50 : T=Z-0.37
Age 60 : T=Z-1.01
Age 70 : T=Z-1.56
Age 80 : T=Z-2.11
Age 90 : T=Z-2.52

Ultrasonic Parameters in Bone densitometry

SOS (Speed of Sound)

BUA (Broadband

Ultrasound Attenuation)

SOS Measurements

SOS Measurement by substitution method

tw

dw
Vw

dw dm dm
td

Vw
Vb

Vw d m
Vb
Vw (t d t w ) d m

SOS Measurements
Probe
Trasmitter

Detector

Soft tissue
Defined distance

Sound Scan 2000

Tibia

SoundScan 2000

SOS Measurements

Tainsong Chen et al ,A novel method to measure acoustic speed of bone tissue, Ultrasound in Med. & Biol., pp. 142-148, 1998.

Dual Transducer Method

Transducer
#1

y
D
Transducer
#2

z
Bone tissue

x
Coupling medium

1
1

2
2

Cb

y (1 )
1 [( 2 K ) 1 ] ( 2 K )

1 1 1
K

12

12 2 ( 2 1 )
1

)
2
4
2
12

1, 1
2,

2 2 2

:the times-of-flight from the trigger of the transmitting pulse to the

front and the rear echoes of bone tissue received by transducer #1
2 :the times-of-flight on transducer #2
y :the separation distance of two transducers
Cb

:sound speed in bone tissue

BUA Measurement
Aw

Ab

FFT

Aw ( f )
(dB )
Attenuation( f ) 20 log10
Ab ( f )

Measurement sites
Calcaneus
Phalanx
Forearm
Tibia

Measurement site

1.phalanx

2.forearm

Measurement site
3.tibia

Probe
Trasmitter

Detector

Soft tissue
Defined distance

4.calcaneus

Tibia

Calcaneus structure

Standard X-ray

Ultrasound densitometry

OMNISENSE 7000S

Soundscan 2000

Sunlight Omnisense

Ultrasound densitometry

McCue CUBA Clinical

Sahara

AOS100

Water-bath Ultrasound densitometry

UBIS 5000(scan)

DTU-One(scan)

Lunar Achilles

UBIS image

Why the calcaneus is the most popular

measurement site?

The calcaneus is more than 90% trabecular by

volume.
The trabecular has high surface-to- volume ratio,
approximately 8 times of cortical bone.
Calcaneal BMD reflects spinal osteoporosis as
effectively as spinal BMD.
In women, age-related bone loss in calcaneus and
lumbar spine are similar.
The calcaneus is easily accessible and the medialateral surface is fairly flat and parallel

UBIS 5000

Ultrasound parametric imaging

ULTRASOUND

UBIS image

Receiver

Foot

Emitter

Imaging ultrasound densitometry:

UBIS 5000(DMS)

Processing of UBIS Images

ROI(boundary of the calcaneus)

UBIS image

Standard X-ray

Methods of calcaneus measurements

V Vw (

2(t w t m )
1)
t 2 t1

Vw
d 2 t w t m (t 2 t1 )
2
Vw:speed of sound in water

Foot

bone
soft tissue

 Ultrasound velocity dispersion

attenuated with frequency power law

A(t ) A0 (t )e ( f ) d

1
2

( f ) f

(f) : attenuation function

: attenuation coefficient
y : power law
d : total travel length

Kramers Kronig relations ( ODonnell, 1981)

1
1
2 ( f )

df
2
VP ( f ) VP ( f 0 ) 0 f
Vp(f) : phase velocity
f0

: center frequency

frequency domain
time domain

Velocity dispersion
frequency domain

Vp(f) : phase velocity

substitution method
Cw
Vp ( f )
C ( f )
1 w
fd

Cw : acoustic speed in water

d : thickness of phantom
f : frequency
(f) : phase difference
between water and medium

time domain
f1
.
.

fn

.
.

medium

f2

.
.

f1

Vp(f1)

f2

Vp(f2)

.
.

fn

.
.

Vp(fn)

f1

f2

f2

fn

medium

f1

1. Velocity dispersion ?
V (m/s)

f ( Hz )

fn

2. BUA ?

Vp(f) , BUAi in time domain

A(t )

BUAi slope 20 log

A
(
t
)

A( f )
? slope 20 log

A
(
f
)

BUA: broadband ultrasound attenuation

A(f) : spectrum of ultrasound through medium
Ar(f) : spectrum of ultrasound through water

Method & Materials

Split Spectrum Processing (SSP)

X(t)

BPF f1(t)

X1(t)

BPF f2(t)

X2(t)

BPF fn(t)

expansion

xn(t)

X(t)

Xn(t)

reconstruction

BPF : bandpass filter

Filter Bank Design

FFT of each Gaussion filter

each gaussion filter in t domain

1.4

1.2

Summed bandpass filter

0.8

fmax

fmin

Individual Gaussian filter

0.6

0.4
0.2
2000
0

6
Hz

10

12
x 10

( Karpur, 1987 )

Each filter bandwidth

Bi

2 f c
x

Bi < 100 kHz

2000

4000

6000

Total filter numbers

N = BT + 1

f i f min

f max f min
n
N

: predetermined threshold
: attenuation coefficient
X: thickness

when = 5%, = 2.3 1/cm, x = 2 cm , fc= 0.5 MHz

10
Hz

10

15
x 10

n 0,...., N 1

B: total bandpass filter width ( fmax- fmin )

T : total signal time
fc: central frequency

( Ping He, 1998 )

Estimate the SOS and BUA

SOSi (phase velocity)

incident

transmission

(1) TOF ( time of flight )

d
v( f )
t

d : travel length
t : TOF

(2) substitution method

v( f )

BUAi

Cw
C t
1 w
d

Cw : acoustic speed

A(t )

in water

BUAi slope 20 log

Ar (t )

2000 4000 6000

2000 4000 6000

Results
SOS (speed of sound)
1600

bs= -150 m/s MHz

bs= -80 m/s MHz
bs= -40 m/s MHz
bs= -20 m/s MHz
bs= 0 m/s MHz
preset velocity (1550 m/s)

1590
1580

1620

1560

velocity m/s

velocity m/s

1570

1550
1540
1530

1600

1580

1560

1520
1510
1500

bs=150 m/s MHz

bs=80 m/s MHz
bs=40 m/s MHz
bs=20 m/s MHz
bs=0 m/s MHz
preset velocity (1550 m/s)

1640

1540
1

Hz

10
5

x 10

negative dispersion

vi

Hz

positive dispersion

vf

VDM : velocity dispersion magnitude

Vf - Vi

10
5

x 10

Model based signals measurements by SSP

bs
(m /s
MHz)

power law
fitted
attenuation
frequency
order ( 1.0 )
*

BUA
power fitted
( 20 dB/cm MHz)*
convention
al

SSP

group
velocity
estimated
(1550 m/s )*

VDM
(m/s MHz)

ssp

SSP

150

0.558

9.83

9.80

1592.4

-6.72

80

0.713

13.53

13.55

1581.0

12.85

40

0.868

16.98

16.97

1568.0

17.01

20

0.955

18.94

18.94

1558.0

12.77

1.000

20.00

20.01

1550.0

0.00

- 20

0.955

18.94

18.94

1540.0

-10.71

0.868

16.98

16.97

1532.6

-15.04

0.713

13.54

13.55

1520.1

-10.61

* Preset
- 40value

- 80

Calcaneus phantoms measurements

1. Calcaneus phantoms ( T/R, 0.5 MHz unfocused )

a. normal calcaneus (model 2583, CIRS)

manufacturers specifications : thickness 4 cm, SOS = 1576 m/s,

BUA= 69
the ultrasound signal of water and phantom with subtitude method

2
1

dB/ MHz ( 0.2 ~ 0.55 MHz )

0
-1
-2
-3

500

1000
1500
time (usec)
FFT of ultrasound signal

ampltitude

400

2000

2500

water
normal calcaneus phantom

300
200
100
0

Hz

10

12

* by substitution method

14
5

x 10

Model 2583

Model 2572

Calcaneus phantoms measurements

b. Osteoporosis calcaneus (model 2572, CIRS)

manufacturers specifications : thickness 4 cm, SOS = 1510 m/s,

BUA= 48

dB/ MHz ( 0.2 ~ 0.55 MHz)

The comparsion of attenuation

40

1600

35
convention BUA
SSP BUA(frequency)
SSP BUA(time)

1550

25

group velocity
phase velocity by SSP

m/s

attenuation ( dB)

30

20
15

1500

10
5
0

model 2572

5
Hz

* by substitution method

10
5

x 10

1450

5
Hz

10
5

x 10

Human calcaneus measurements in vivo

Substitution method
The decomposition of signals by SSP

the ultrasound signal of water and phantom with substitude method

2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

FFT of ultrasound signal

400

water
calcaneus

ampltitude

300
200
100
0
0

Hz

10

12

14
5

x 10

2000 4000 6000 8000

2000 4000 6000 8000

Theoretical Derivation

tw

Vf = 1540 m/s
Vw= 1487 m/s
at 22 oC

dw
Vw

d f1 d f 2
Vf

Vb

dm
Vb

d w d m (d f 1 d f 2 )

Vw d m
df
d m d f Vw (t d t w )
Vf

Vw

td

Operation

d f1
Vf

t 2 t1
2

df2
Vf

t 4 t3
2

d f1 d f 2
Vf

dm
Vb

d w d m (d f 1 d f 2 )

t1 t3
t 2 t1 t 4 t3
d m d w Vw ( ) V f (

)
2 2
2
2
Vb

Vw d m
dm

Vf
2

(t 2 t 1t 4 t3 ) Vw (t d t w

t 2 t1 t 4 t3
)
2

Vw

td

Effect of Porcine Skin on SOS - Normal Bone Phantom

Vbone

Vw d

d Vw (t d t w )

Vheel

per mm

2.3 m/s

5.5 m/s

Vw (d d f )
(d d f ) Vw (t d t w )

Effect of Porcine Skin on SOS -Osteoporosis Bone Phantom

Vbone

Vw d

d Vw (t d t w )

Vheel

per mm

6.4 m/s

8.3 m/s

Vw (d d f )
(d d f ) Vw (t d t w )

Effect of Porcine Skin on BUA

Normal Bone Phantom

Osteoporosis Bone Phantom

per mm
1.12
dB/MHz

per mm
0.82
dB/MHz

Phantom Test

Normal Bone Phantom

Vbone

Vheel
Vm

Vw d
d Vw (t d t w )

Vw (d d f )
( d d f ) Vw (t d t w )
Vw d m

d m d f Vw (t d t w

df
Vf

Osteoporosis Bone Phantom

In vivo Measurement
Subjects

: 6 males
8 females

Measured site : left calcaneus

Echo Signals

Transmission Signals

BUA Measurement
Subject No.1

BUA= 96.4 dB/MHz

Subject No.2

BUA= 79.0 dB/MHz

Subjects Test

V27 mm
Vbone
Vheel

0.027Vw
0.027 Vw (t d t w )
Vw d
d Vw (t d t w )
Vw (d d f )

(d d f ) Vw (td t w )

Subjects Test

Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS)

Acquisition for IVUS Images

IVUS Image
Media

Lumen

Ultrasoundt
catcheter
Intima

Biplane X-ray Angiography Device

Stage
AP projection

LAT projection
X-ray tube

Camera

Stage

Angiography Image

Ap view

Lateral view

Thanks for your attention !

IVUS Transducer
Mechanical system
Single imaging element
Circumferential scanning
beam
Ultrasound beam

cath
eter
1800 rpm

flow
rotating mirror

piezoelectric
element

IVUS transducer 2.9 F 30 MHz

Scan plane

IVUS Image
Media

Lumen

Ultrasoundt
catcheter
Intima