ORGANA GENITALIA

FEMININA
Oleh
Dr. Hendra Sutardhio

Figure 27.14a

Ovary
Almond shaped, 3 cm X 1.5 cm
Medulla with vessels and loose
connective tissue
Cortex with ovarian follicles and
oocytes
Cortical stroma has fibroblast-like
cells
Surface has simple squamous/cuboidal
germinal epithelium covering thick
layer of dense irregular connective
tissue, the tunica albuginea

Ovarian Follicles
In cortex, surrounded by stromal
cells
Consist of oocyte surrounded by one
or more layers of follicular cells
2 ovaries of young adult female
have about 400,000 follicles; most
will degenerate (atresia)
About 450 follicles will cycle to
ovulation in lifetime

Primordial Follicle
Primary oocyte with one layer of
flattened follicular cells
Most numerous in fetus
Oocyte about 25 m diameter
Euchromatic nucleus, large
nucleolus

Growing Follicles 1
Oocyte diameter increases to 150 m
Nucleus enlarges
Organelles increase in number and
amount (mito., Golgi, ER)
Unilaminar primary follicle has one
layer of cuboidal follicular cells
Multilaminar primary follicle has
several layers of follicular (granulosa)
cells

Secondary Follicles
Granulosa and theca cells increase
in number
Fluid-filled spaces in granulosa
layer fuse to form the antrum
Stem of follicular cells connects
oocyte with corona radiata to the
surrounding granulosa cells

Theca Interna & Theca Externa

Theca Interna
cells more cuboidal with round nuclei
steroid producing cell features
SER, mitochondria with tubular cristae and lipid
droplets

produce androstenedione which is

converted to estradiol by granulosa cells
highly vascularized

Theca externa
connective tissue and stromal cells with
vessels forming a plexus
cells flattened

Mature (Graafian) Follicles

In later stages may be over 2 cm in
diameter, antrum enlarges
Bulge from ovary surface
Granulosa cells differentiate into
corona radiata which adheres to
ovum when it is ovulated

Follicular Atresia
Degeneration of follicle that can occur
at any stage
Phagocytes take up dead cells
fragments
Common just after birth (loss of
maternal hormones), puberty and
pregnancy
Apoptotic cell death, autolysis
Follicle cells replaced by stromal cells

Ovulation
Perifollicular connective tissue
broken down by proteases
Fluid pressure builds up until follicle
ruptures
Ovum separates from follicle wall
Ovum is drawn into open end of
oviduct (fallopian tube)
Ovum remains viable about 24 hours
after ovulation
Fertilization occurs in oviduct

Corpus Luteum 1
Temporary hormone secreting
structure formed by granulosa cells
and theca interna cells remaining
after ovulation
Secretes estrogen and progesterone
Structure may include coagulated
blood and connective tissue from
stroma
Granulosa cells hypertrophy into
granulosa lutein cells with increased
SER and mitochondria with tubular
cristae

Korpus Luteum
Theca interna cells
form theca lutein cells
which are smaller and
darker staining than
granulosa lutein cells
Produce estrogen
Located in folds of
cells in perimeter of
corpus luteum
Highly vascularized
If pregnancy does not
occur corpus luteum
survives only 10-14
days
In pregnancy it
enlarges greatly due
to HCG and lasts 6
months

Corpus Albicans
Scar of stromal cells that forms
when corpus luteum breaks down
Large ones form after pregnancy
and smaller ones after each
ovulation
Older ovaries have many

Oviduct
Muscular tube 12 cm long
Upper end opens into peritoneal
cavity near ovary
Lower end passes through the uterus
wall
4 segments
intramural part in uterine wall
isthmus is adjacent to uterine wall
ampulla is dilated part
infundibulum is funnel-shaped part near
ovary with fimbriae

Oviduct Wall 1
Mucosa
simple columnar epithelium
ciliated cell and nonciliated peg cell
cilia near ovary beat toward uterus
cilia near uterus beat toward ovary
lamina propria of loose connective
tissue

Oviduct Wall 2
Muscularis
Inner circular layer
Outer longitudinal layer
Peristaltic movements

Serosa/Adventitia
dense irregular connective tissue
vasculature

Uterus
Pear-shaped structure attached to
oviducts at upper end and to vagina
at lower end
Uterina wall has 3 layers
Endometrium
Myometrium
Adventitia/Serosa

Endometrium
Simple columnar epithelium
invaginated into simple tubular
glands
Ciliated columnar cells and
secretory columnar cells
Lamina propria of loose
connective tissue and vessels
2 zones in endometrium
functional layer
basal layer

Endometrial Layers
Functional layer
surface layer sloughed off during
menstruation
replaced during each menstrual cycle

Basal layer
deeper layer retained after
menstruation
gland cells give rise to new epithelium

Endometrium Vasculature
Arcuate arteries in the
myometrium give rise to the
straight arteries of the basal layer
which give rise to the
coiled arteries of the functional layer

Myometrium
Thickest layer
Four poorly defined layers of smooth
muscle separated by connective
tissue
Inner and outer layers are mostly
longitudinal in orientation
Middle layers are more circular
Middle layer thickens in pregnancy
with more smooth muscle cells and
increased collagen

Adventitia/Serosa

Dense irregular connective tissue

with attached mesothelium
(serosa)
Dense irregular connective tissue
(adventitia)
Vasculature

Menstrual Cycle
Estrogen and progesterone from ovary
stimulate changes in the endometrium
28 day cycle on average
Begins age 12-15 and ends age 45-50
3 main phases of cycle
Menstrual phase: days 1-4
Proliferative (follicular) phase: days 5-14
Ovulation around day 14
Secretory (luteal) phase: days 15-28

Fase Proliferatif (Folikular)

Days 5-14 leading up to
ovulation
Estrogen produced by
theca cells of ovarian
follicle
Endometrium consists of
just gland bases
Cells of gland bases
proliferate forming simple
columnar epithelium
Connective tissue cells
proliferate in lamina
propria
2-3 mm of endometrium
form with glands of
straight tubes with narrow
lumens
Coiled arteries grow into
regenerated lamina propria

Fase sekretori/Luteal
Begins after
ovulation, days 1528
Corpus luteum
forms and produces
progesterone
Glands develop
further, become
coiled and begin to
secrete
Endometrium
reaches 5 mm

Fase Menstrual
If fertilization does not
occur the corpus luteum
stops secreting
hormones after about 14
days
Progesterone and
estrogen decrease
causing coiled arteries
to constrict cutting off
blood flow to the
functional layer of
endometrium
Endometrial cells die
and the functional layer
is sloughed off
Vessels distal to
constrictions are shed
with the functional layer
causing some bleeding

Serviks uterus 1

Lower part of uterus

Lined by mucous secreting simple columnar epithelium
Some smooth muscle and much connective tissue in
lamina propria
Part of cervix in upper vagina has stratified squamous
nonkeratinized epithelium

Figure 26-12d: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Female Reproduction

Uterine Cervix 2
Cervical mucosa has mucous
glands
Cervical mucosa remains intact
during menstrual cycle
Cervical gland secretions vary
during menstrual cycle

at ovulation mucous is watery so

sperm can penetrate easily
in luteal phase or pregnancy mucous
more viscous to block sperm or
microbes

Placenta
Organ that forms from uterine wall
and fetal tissues during pregnancy to
provide site for exchange between
maternal and fetal circulation
Fetal part: chorion
Maternal part: decidua basalis
Chorionic villi contain fetal vessels and
are bathed by maternal blood
Syncytial trophoblasts make up walls
of villi; syncytial knots are groups of
nuclei

Vagina
Epithelium is stratified squamous
partly keratinized
No glands in epithelium
Underlying lamina propria of loose
connective tissue, highly vascularized
with many elastic fibers
Muscular layer of circular and
longitudinal smooth muscle
Adventitia of dense irregular
connective tissue with elastic fibers,
many vessels and nerves

Vagina

External Genitalia 1
Labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and
Bartholins glands
Labia majora have an adipose core and
some smooth muscle
skin with hair, sweat and sebaceous glands,
many nerve fibers

Labia minora are folds of skin with core

of spongy connective tissue with elastic
fibers
skin with sebaceous and sweat glands,
and many nerve fibers

External Genitalia 2
Clitoris is embryonic homologue of
penis
contains 2 erectile tissue bodies
covered by stratified squamous
epithelium
heavily innervated

Bartholins glands are mucous

glands with ducts opening into the
vestibulum of vagina