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Chapter 6: Torsion
Introduction
Torsion commonly found in mechanical engineering.
application, for example machinery structures that has
twisting member.
In civil engineering applications;
secondary beam
will distributes load
to main beam as
point load and
moment at
connection part of
the beams.
water retaining in a
channel will
produce moment
that are distributed
to the beam as
torsion
Torsion theory
decrease in length.
Radial lines remain straight
and radial as the cross section
rotates.
Cross sections rotate about the
Angles of twist
Twisting angle is angle (in radian) produced when a
bar is subjected to torsion.
TL
JG
T = applied torque
L = length of member
G = shear modulus of material/ modulus of
rigidity@modulus ketegaran (N/m2)
J = polar moment of inertia
Power transmission
Use
commonly specified in horsepower, HP. Angular
velocity is usually given in revolutions per minute or
RPM. It should then be converted to rad/sec. To do this
multiply the value in RPM by 2 and divide by 60.
Example 1
Example 2
Solution;
Given;
di = 60mm, do = 100mm, max = 70MPa
J
Tmax r
J
J
Tmax max
r
(70 x106 )(8.55 x10 6 )
11.97kNm
0.05
max
Exercise
A hollow steel shaft has an outside diameter of
150mm and an inside diameter 100mm. The shaft is
subjected to a torque of 35kNm. The modulus of
rigidity for the steel is 80GPa.
Determine;
a) the shearing stress at the outside surface of the shaft.
b) the shearing stress at the inside surface of the shaft.
c) the magnitude of the angle of twist in a 2.5m length.
Exercise: Solution
Solution;
J
65.81MPa
6
39.89 x10
out
43.9 MPa
39.89 x10 6
in
TL
JG
35 x103 ( 2.5)
0.027 rad
80 x109 (39.89 x10 6 )
Composite Bars
Exercise
Solution
J AB
J BC
d 4 (100 2 )
9.82 x10 6 mm 4
32
32
d 4 (50 2 )
0.62 x10 6 mm 4
32
32
30.55 N / mm 2
6
J AB
9.82 x10
BC
161.3N / mm 2
6
J BC
0.62 x10
TL TL
JG JG
TL
JG
AB
BC
(6 x10 6 )( 2000)
( 4 x10 6 )( 300)
0.0158rad
9.82 x10 6 (3x10 4 ) 0.62 x10 6 (8 x10 4 )
Torsion of non-cylindrical
member
Generally, we deal with axisymmetric bodies and
the shear strain is linear through the entire body.
However, non-circular cross-sections are not
axisymmetric causing complex behaviors, which
may cause bulging or warping when the shaft is
twisted.
Example 3
The aluminum shaft shown in figure has a cross
sectional area in the shape of an equilateral
triangle. Determine the largest torque, T that can
allow of the shaft if the allowable
be applied to the end
shear stress,
is =
56MPa and the angle of
allow
twist at its end is restricted to
= 0.02 rad.
Given Gal = 26GPa.
Example 3: Solution
ave
T
2tAm
dF
where,
ave
- average shear stress
t - the thickness of the shaft at the point of interest
Am - mean area enclosed within the boundary of the
centerline of the
shaft thickness.
T - the applied torque
d
s
av
h
t
av
T
ave
ave t h ds
2 ave t d Am
T
2tAm
2 ave t Am
Since,q avg t we can determine the shear flow throughout the cross section
using the equation;
q
T
2 Am
Angle of twist,
This angle can be determined by using the energy
method. The angle given in radians, can be expressed as;
TL
2
4 Am G
ds
t
Example 4
A square aluminum tube has the dimensions as shown in
figure.
a) determine the average shear stress in the tube at point
A if it is subjected to a torque of 85Nm.
b) compute the angle of twist due to this loading. Given
Gal = 26GPa.
Example 4: Solution
a) The area, AAmm; (50)(50) 2500mm 2
50mm
The shaded area =
Am
50mm
avg
T
85 x10 3
1.7 N / mm 2
2tAm 2(10)( 2500)
Example 4: Solution
b) Angle of twist;
TL
2
4 Am G
ds
t
4( 2500) 2 ( 26 x10 3 )
50mm
4
10mm
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