Komunikasi sel

Irnawati

Sel komunikasi

essential bagi organisme multiseluler

Sinyal eksternal diubah menjadi respon di dalam sel

Signal transduction
sinyal

pathways/jalur

transduksi

Sinyal pada permukaan sel dikonversi menjadi respon

seluler spesifik melalui serangkaian langkah
Pensinyalan ini mirip baik pada microbes (yeast) dan
mamalia, tumbuhan
mekanisme pensinyalan telah
berkembang dengan baik sebelum mahluk multiseluler
muncul di bumi

Komunikasi sel
Sel
berkomunikasi
dengan melepas
pembawa pesan
(mesenjer)

Lintasan transduksi sinyal

Sinyal kimia dikonversi dari satu tipe sinyal
menjadi sinyal lain untuk menghasilkan molecular
response.
All organisms require signaling
pathways to live.
ABCDEFG

Huruf mewaliki senyawa kimia atau protein.

Tanda panah menunjukkan langkah enzimatik.

Sel hewan dan sel tumbuhan

komunikasi dengan
kontak
langsung, memiliki cell junctions yang secara langsung
Plasma membranes
menghubungkan sitoplasma
dengan sel sebelahnya

Gap junctions
between animal cells

Plasmodesmata
between plant cells

Cell junctions. Both animals and plants have cell junctions that allow molecules
to pass readily between adjacent cells without crossing plasma membranes.

Pada signaling lokal pada sel hewan, dapat berkomunikasi

melalui interaksi antara molekul2 yang menonjol dari
permukaan sel

Cell-cell recognition. Two cells in an animal may communicate by interaction

between molecules protruding from their surfaces.

Cara kerja cell-cell signaling

Direct
Pensinyalan kimiawi jarak dekat
Pensinyalan parakrin. Molekul sinyal dikeluarkan oleh
sebuah sel dan bekerja pada sel target di dekatnya.
Molekul pengatur lokal dilepas ke dalam fluida
ekstraseluler
Pensinyalan sinaptik. Sel saraf melepaskan molekul
neurotransmiter ke dalam sinapsis.
Jarak yang lebih jauh
Pensinyalan hormonal. Sel endokrin mensekresi
hormon ke dalam cairan tubuh (darah).

 In other cases, animal cells communicate using local

Local signaling
regulators
Target cell

Secretory
vesicle

Local regulator
diffuses through
extracellular fluid
(a)

Paracrine signaling. A secreting cell acts on

nearby target cells by discharging molecules of a
local regulator (a growth factor, for example) into
the extracellular fluid.

Electrical signal
along nerve cell
triggers release of
neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter
diffuses across
synapse

Target cell
is stimulated
(b) Synaptic signaling. A nerve cell releases
neurotran-smitter molecules into a synapse,
stimulating the
target cell.

 In long-distance signaling both plants and animals

Long-distance signaling
use hormones
Endocrine cell

(c)

Hormonal signaling. Specialized

endocrine cells secrete hormones
into body fluids, often the blood.
Hormones may reach virtually all
body cells.

Blood
vessel

Hormone travels
in bloodstream
to target cells

Target
cell

Jalur lintasan bersifat inter-linked

Signalling pathway
Geneti
c
networ
k

STIMULUS

Metabolic pathway

metabolic pathways

1993 Boehringer Mannheim GmbH - Biochemica

Proses percakapan seluler

Terdiri dari 3 tahapan
1.Penerimaan
2.Transduksi
3.Respon
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
1 Reception

CYTOPLASM
Plasma membrane
2 Transduction

Response

Receptor
Activation
of cellular
response
Relay molecules in a signal transduction pathway

Signal
molecule

 Reception/Penerimaan: pendeteksian sinyal yang

datang dari luar sel oleh sel target
Pengikatan molekul sinyal mengubah protein
reseptor
mengawali proses transduksi
Intracellular
receptors
reseptor
bersifat
sangatcytoplasmic
spesifik or nuclear proteins

Molekul sinyal yang menggunakan reseptor ini adalah

yang kecil atau hydrophobic dan dapat langsung melewati
plasma membran

Reseptor pada plasma membran

Sinyal yang ditransduksi memicu respon selular

spesifik

Steroid hormones

Bind to intracellular receptors

Hormone
(testosterone)

EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID

Plasma
membrane

Receptor
protein

Hormonereceptor
complex

1 The steroid

hormone testosterone
passes through the
plasma membrane.

2 Testosterone binds

to a receptor protein
in the cytoplasm,
activating it.

3 The hormone-

receptor complex
enters the nucleus
and binds to specific
genes.

DNA
mRNA

NUCLEUS

Figure 11.6

CYTOPLASM

New protein

4 The bound protein

stimulates the
transcription of
the gene into mRNA.
5 The mRNA is
translated into a
specific protein.

Receptors in the Plasma

Membrane
Terdapat tiga tipe reseptor menbran
G-protein-linked
Tyrosine kinases
Ion channel

G-protein-linked receptors
Signal-binding site

Segment that
interacts with
G proteins

G-protein-linked
Receptor

Plasma Membrane

GDP

CYTOPLASM

G-protein
(inactive)

Enzyme

Activated
Receptor

GDP

Signal molecule

GTP

Activated
enzyme

GTP

GDP
Pi

Figure 11.7

Cellular response

Inctivate
enzyme

Receptor tyrosine kinases

Signal-binding sit

Signal
molecule

Signal
molecule

Helix in the
Membrane
Tyr

Tyrosines

Tyr
Tyr

Tyr
Tyr
Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr
Tyr

Tyr

Tyr
Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Receptor tyrosine
kinase proteins
(inactive monomers)

CYTOPLASM

Tyr

Dimer

Activated
relay proteins
Tyr

Tyr

Tyr
Tyr

Tyr
Tyr

ATP

Activated tyrosinekinase regions

(unphosphorylated
dimer)

6 ADP

P Tyr
P Tyr
P Tyr

Tyr P
Tyr P
Tyr P

Fully activated receptor

tyrosine-kinase
(phosphorylated
dimer)

P Tyr
P Tyr
P Tyr

Tyr P
Tyr P
Tyr P

Inactive
relay proteins

Cellular
response 1
Cellular
response 2

Ion channel receptors

Signal
molecule
(ligand)

Gate closed

Ligand-gated
ion channel receptor

Ions

Plasma
Membrane

Gate open

Cellular
response

Gate close

Figure 11.7

Lintasan transduksi sinyal

Transduksi:
Jalur
interaksi
molekuler
yang
menyalurkan sinyal dari reseptor ke molekul target
dalam sel
Multistep pathways
Memperbesar sinyal
Memberikan lebih banyak
koordinasi dan regulasi

kesempatan

untuk

Protein Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation

Banyak jalur sinyal
phosphorylation

termasuk

jalur

Mekanisme utama transduksi sinyal

Dalam proses ini

Sejumlah protein kinase menambahkan fosfat
kepada protein kinase lainnya dan
mengaktifkannya
Enzim fosfatase selanjutnya menghilangkan fosfat

A phosphorylation cascade
Signal molecule

Receptor

Activated relay
molecule

Inactive
protein kinase
1

A relay molecule
activates protein kinase 1.

2 Active protein kinase 1

Active
protein
kinase
1

h
sp

ADP
PP

ATP

Pi

ADP

Active
protein
kinase
3

PP
Inactive
protein

4 Finally, active protein

kinase 3 phosphorylates a
protein (pink) that brings
about the cells response to
the signal.

ATP
ADP
Pi

PP

de

Inactive
protein kinase
3

a
sc
ca

Pi

3 Active protein kinase 2

then catalyzes the phosphorylation (and activation) of
protein kinase 3.

Active
protein
kinase
2

on
at i

ATP

l
ory

Inactive
protein kinase
2

5 Enzymes called protein

phosphatases (PP)
catalyze the removal of
the phosphate groups
from the proteins,
making them inactive
and available for reuse.

o
Ph

transfers a phosphate from ATP

to an inactive molecule of
protein kinase 2, thus activating
this second kinase.

P
Active
protein

Cellular
response

Molekul kecil dan ion sebagai Second Messengers

Second messengers
Kecil, nonprotein, molekul yang larut dalam
air atau berupa ions
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

terbuat dari ATP

NH2
N

N
O

O P O P O P O

N
Ch2

P Pi

CH2

Phoshodiesterase
O

HO P O CH2
O

H2O

OH OH

OH
Cyclic AMP

Adenylyl cyclase

OH OH

Pyrophosphate

ATP

NH2

NH2

AMP

G-proteins
Memicu pembentukan cAMP, yang kemudian
berlaku sebagai second messenger dalam
First messenger
lintasan seluler
(signal molecule
such as epinephrine)
G protein

G-protein-linked
receptor

Adenylyl
cyclase

GTP
ATP
cAMP
Protein
kinase A

Figure 11.10

Cellular responses

Calcium ions and Inositol Triphosphate (IP3)

Calsium, saat dikeluarkan ke dalam sitosol
Bertindak sebagai second messenger dalam
berbagai jalur
Calsium adalah second messenger yang penting
Karena sel mampu mengatur konsentrasinya
dalam sitosol
Second messengers seperti inositol triphosphate
dan
diacylglycerol
(DAG)
dapat
memicu
peningkatan
kalsium di sitosol

EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID

Plasma
membrane
Ca2+
pump

ATP

Mitochondrion

Nucleus
CYTOSOL

Ca2+
pump
ATP

Key

Ca
pump
2+

High [Ca2+]

Endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)

Low [Ca2+]

1 A signal molecule binds

2 Phospholipase C cleaves a
to a receptor, leading to
plasma membrane phospholipid
activation of phospholipase C. called PIP2 into DAG and IP3.
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID

3 DAG functions as
a second messenger
in other pathways.

Signal molecule
(first messenger)
G protein
DAG
GTP

PIP2

G-protein-linked
receptor

Phospholipase C

IP3
(second messenger)

IP3-gated
calcium channel

Endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)

Ca

Various
proteins
activated

2+

Cellular
response

Ca2+
(second
messenger)

4 IP3 quickly diffuses through

the cytosol and binds to an IP3
gated calcium channel in the ER
membrane, causing it to open.

5 Calcium ions flow out of

the ER (down their concentration gradient), raising
the Ca2+ level in the cytosol.

6 The calcium ions

activate the next
protein in one or more
signaling pathways.

Respon sitoplasmik dan nuklear

Respon:
Cell signaling menyebabkan regulasi cytoplasmic
activities atau transcription
Dalam sitoplasma
Jalur signaling mengatur
yang bervariasi

aktivitas seluler

Reception

Binding of epinephrine to G-protein-linked receptor (1 molecule)

Respon sitoplasmik

Transduction

Inactive G protein
Active G protein (102 molecules)
Inactive adenylyl cyclase
Active adenylyl cyclase (102)

ATP
Cyclic AMP (104)

Inactive protein kinase A

Active protein kinase A (104)
Inactive phosphorylase kinase
Active phosphorylase kinase (105)
Inactive glycogen phosphorylase
Active glycogen phosphorylase (106)
Response

Figure 11.13

Glycogen
Glucose-1-phosphate
(108 molecules)

 Lintasan lain
Mengatur gen dengan mengaktifkan
transkripsi yang meng-on dan of-kan gen
Growth factor

faktor
Reception

Receptor

Phosphorylation
cascade

Transduction

CYTOPLASM

Inactive
transcription
factor

Active
transcription
factor
P

Response

DNA
Gene
NUCLEUS

mRNA

 Jalur signal dengan banyak tahap

Dapat memperbesar sinyal dan berpengaruh
terhadap kekhususan respon
Tiap protein dalam jalur signaling:
Mengamplifikasi

sinyal
dengan
mengaktifkan
banyak copy dari komponen selanjutnya dalam
jalur
Kombinasi protein yang berbeda di dalam sel
Memberikan kespesifikan yang baik pada sel dalam
sinyal yang dideteksi maupun rsepon yang
diakibatkan

Berhentinya sinyal
Respon sinyal berhenti dengan cepat
Dengan lepasnya ikatan ligan

TERIMA KASIH