VARIABL

E
LOAD
JEFFERSON O. CLOMATA
CASSEL JAMES B. SANTOS

TERM
S

Load Curve
-curve of power vs. time, showing the value of a specific load for each unit of
the period covered

Load Duration Curve

-a curve showing the total time, within a specific period during which the load
equaled or exceeded the power values shown

Connected Load
-the sum of the continuous rating of the load-consuming apparatus connected
to the system under consideration

Peak Load
-Maximum load consumed or produced by a unit or group of units in a stated
period of time

Reserve-Over-Peak (ROP)
-the difference between the capacity of a plant to the maximum or peak load

OBJECTIVES
OF A POWER
STATION

The power station is

constructed, commissioned
and operated to supply
required power to
consumers with generators
running at rated capacity
for maximum efficiency.

VARIAB
LE
LOAD
The load on a power station varies from time to time due to
uncertain demands of consumers.

LOAD
CURVES
A load curve is a graph showing the variation of load on the power station
with respect to time.

E = Lave. X h >> Total Energy

Lave. =
>> Average Load
h =
>> Total hours for the
period covered
ROP
= rated cap.-Lmax >> Resereve-OverPeak

PERIOD

h (hrs)

Year or Annual
(365 days)

8760

Semi-annual
(Yr/2)

4380

Quarterly
(Yr/4)

2190

Bi-month
(2 months)

1440

Month
(30 days)

720

Semi-month
(month/2)

360

Week
(7 days)

168

Day

24

DIVERSITY FACTOR, DIV. F

DIV. F =
NOTE: Diversity factor is always > 1
DEMAND FACTOR, DEM. F
DEM. F =
LOAD FACOTR, LF
LF =
CAPACITY FACOR, CF
CF =
OUTPUT FACTOR, Out. F or USE FACTOR, Use F
OUT. F or USE F =
UTILIZATION FACTOR, UF
UF =
OPERATION FACTOR, Oper. F
OPER. F =

Daily load curve:-- Load variations

captured during the day ( 24Hrs ),
recorded either half-hourly or hourly.
Monthly load curve:-- Load
variations captured during the
month at different times of the day
plotted aginst No. of days.
Yearly load curve:-- Load
variations captured during the Year,
this is derived from monthly load
curves of a particular year.

PURPOSES AND INFORMATION

OBTAINED FROM LOAD CRUVE
To determine the capacity
of the plant
To determine the rate
For financial study
For records of operation

Area under load curve =

Units generated
Highest point of the curve
= MD
(Area under curve) (by
total hours) = Average
load
(Area under load curve)
(Area of rectangle
containing load curve) =
LF
Helps to select size &
number of generating
units.

Generating
units &
Meeting
Loads

The following must be considered when

selecting the number and size of Generating
units (Generators):
Number and size of units to aproximately fit
the annual load curve.
Units to be of different capacities to meet
load requirements.
Atleast 15 - 20% of extra capacity for future
expansion should be allowed for.
Spare generating capacity must be allowed
for to cater for repairs and overhauling of
working units without affecting supply of
minimum demand.

POWER
GRID

The power grid is constructed by

connecting several generating stations
together in parallel. This method has
helped solve most transmission and
distribution problems facing power
engineers. Below are the advantages of
using
a power grid:
Economical
operation:
Increased diversity factor:
Reduces Plant Reserve
Capacity:
Increased reliability:
Exchange of peak loads:
Older plants can still be used:

PROBLEM
SOLVING

A generating station has a connected load of 43MW and

a maximum demand of 20 MW; the units generated
being 615 10^6 per annum.
Calculate (i) the demand factor and (ii) load factor.

 Sample Problems:
A central station is supplying energy through two substations. One
substation feeds four distributing circuits, the other six. The
maximum daily recorded demands are: power station; 12 000 kW;
substation A, 6000 kW; feeders on SSA: #1, 1700 kW. #2, 1800
kW: #3, 2800 kW; #4, 600 kW; substation B, 9000 kW; feeders on
SSB: #1, 620 kW; #2, 1500 kW: #3, 1000 kW; #4, 2900 kW; #5,
2200 kW; #6, 3000 kW.

Calculate the diversity factor between:

Feeders on SSA,
Feeders on SSB,
Substations