Why we should treat

water before use ?

From a chemical point of view, water H2O,
is a pure compound,
but in reality,
Water from various natural sources
contains dissolved gases, minerals,
organic and inorganic substances

The end use may be:

o suplay water/clean water
o drinking,
o fish pond
o irrigation,
o water recreation,
o industrial water supply,
o or many other uses including
being safely returned to the
environment.

Water Treatment are needed !!

What is Water treatment ?

is any process that makeswatermore
acceptable
for a specific end-use
Treatment fordrinking
water
production involves the
removal of contaminants
from raw water to
produce water that
ispure enough for
human consumption
without any short term
or long term risk of any
adverse health effect.

Wastewater treatment
is the process that
removes the majority
of the
contaminants from
wastewater
orsewageand
produces effluent
suitable for disposal
to thenatural
environment.

Water Treatment Stages

Depending on the type of treatment plant
and the quality of raw water, treatment
generally proceeds in the following
sequence
5. Sedimentation
1. Screeningof stages:
6. Pre-chlorination and
2. Aeration
dechlorination
3. pH correction
7. Filtration
4. Coagulation and8. Disinfection
flocculation
9. pH adjustment

As required, adsorption or other advanced

process will be added, depending on the
chemistry of the treated water.

TYPES OF WASTEWATER
Domestic Wastewater (from homes,
offices, hotels, institutions) comprises
sewage (human waste) and grey-water
from bathrooms, kitchens, laundries).
Point and Non point sources Wastewater
is the liquid discharge from
manufacturing processes
(croplands/agriculture, animal feedlots,
food industry, sugar processing, metal
processing, leather processing, oil
industry, etc

Water Treatment principle

Chlorination

Raw Water
Storage

Coagulant, pH Adjustment

Mixing

Flocculation

Disinfectant (Cl2, NaOCl)

Sedimentation

Filtration
Clear Well

Distribution

COAGULATION

STORAGE
SEDIMENTATION
FILTRATION

DISINFECTION

Water Treatment
Water treatment transforms raw surface and
groundwater into safe drinking water.
Water treatment involves two major processes:
physical removal of solids and chemical disinfection.
COAGULATION:

Coagulation removes dirt and other particles suspended in water.

alum and other chemicals are added to water to form tiny sticky
particles called floc which attract the dirt particles. The combined
weight of the dirt and the alums (floc) becomes heavy enough to sink
to the bottom during sedimentation.

WATER
TOWARDS
SEDIMENTATION

Coagulation

Rachel Casiday, Greg Noelken, and Regina Frey, Washington University (

http://wunmr.wustl.edu/EduDev/LabTutorials/Water/PublicWaterSupply/PublicWater
isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/
mlee/geog4350/4
Supply.html

Chemical CoagulationRemoves suspended

particulate and colloidal substances
Flocculation

from water, including microorganisms.

Coagulation: colloidal destabilization
Typically, add alum (aluminum sulfate) or ferric chloride
or sulfate to the water with rapid mixing and controlled
pH conditions
Insoluble aluminum or ferric hydroxide and aluminum
or iron hydroxo complexes form
These complexes entrap and adsorb suspended
particulate and colloidal material.

Water Treatment
SEDIMENTATION:

Coagulated particles fall, by gravity, through water in

a settling tank and accumulate at the bottom of the
tank, clearing the water of much of the solid debris
and clear water moves to filtration.
WATER
TOWARDS
FILTRATION

WATER
FROM
COAGULATION

Water Treatment
FILTRATION, DISINFECTION & STORAGE:

WATER
FROM
SEDIMENTATION

DISINFECTION: A small amount of chlorine

is added or some other disinfection
method is used to kill microorganisms
that may be in the water.

STORAGE: Water is placed in

a closed tank or reservoir
for disinfection to take pace.
The water then flows through
pipes to home and business in
the community

FILTRATION: The water passes through filters,

some made of layers of sand, and charcoal that help remove smaller particles.

Water Disinfection
Purpose of disinfection:
To make Drinking water free of any disease causing
bacteria and microbes.

Methods of disinfection:
There are 3 mainly used disinfection methods at
large scale.
CHLORINATION
OZONATION
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

CHLORINATION
Chlorine is the most common cost-effective means
of disinfecting water .
The addition of a small amount of chlorine is highly
effective against most bacteria, viruses, and
protozoa.
Chlorine is applied to water in one of three forms:
elemental chlorine (chlorine gas), hypochlorite
solution (bleach), or dry calcium hypochlorite.
All three forms produce free chlorine in water

Purification of Drinking
Water

Chlorine Dilemma

Chlorine kills disease causing organisms

Chlorine by products are linked to
numerous cancers, birth defects, etc.

Fluoridation
Prevents tooth decay
Linked to cancer, kidney disease

Courses prepared by Eko Sugiharto

OZONATION
OZONE is Strongest oxidant/disinfectant available.
More effective against microbes than chlorination.
But, costly and difficult to monitor and control under
different condition.

Ozonation process:
Ozone (O3) is generated on-site
at water treatment facilities by passing dry oxygen
or air through a system of high voltage electrodes.

ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
When UV radiation penetrates the
cell wall of an organism, it
damages genetic material, and
prevents the cell from reproducing.
Now a days emerging technology
made UV radiation to find a place
in both household and large scale
drinking water disinfection.

How is UV light generated?

Ultraviolet light is most typically generated
from a low pressure or a medium pressure lamp
generating UV light.

Effects of Primary and Secondary Treatment

Levels

Advanced (Tertiary) Treatment

Lecture Question
What are the methods used in advanced (tertiary)
sewage treatment? How do they help safeguard water
quality?
Advanced treatment consists largely of chemical
treatment methods designed to do a number of things:
Remove nutrient pollution
Phosphate removed by treatment with lime, Ca(OH)2
Ammonia removed by basification followed by sparging
(accelerated outgassing)

Further reduce BOD

Coprecipitation, activated charcoal, further decomposition

Remove toxic organics

Activated charcoal filter

Remove toxic metals

Ion exchange resin filter

Effect of Tertiary Treatment Level

Disinfection
Lecture Question
What are the main methods of disinfection used in sewage
treatment?

Chlorination
Applied either as chlorine gas or as a hypochlorite (OCl -)
salt
pH control is important

Advantages
Cheap
Residual disinfection

Disadvantages
Many disinfection byproducts (DBPs): THMs, HAAs,
chloramines

Alternatives
Ozonation
UV light

DBPs Produced by Chlorination

Municipal Sewage Treatment

Primary treatment
Removing suspended and floating particles by
mechanical processes

Secondary treatment
Treating wastewater biologically to decompose
suspended organic material; reduces BOD

Sewage Treatment
Secondary

Primary
Bar screen Grit chamber

Settling tank

Sludge
Raw sewage
from sewers

Aeration tank

Settling tank

Chlorine
disinfection tank

Activated sludge

(kills
bacteria)

To river,
lake,
or ocean

Air pump
Sludge
digester

Sludge drying bed

Disposed of
in landfill or
ocean or
applied to
cropland,
pasture, or
rangeland

Sewage Sludge (Biosolids)

Lecture Question
What is sewage sludge (biosolids) and what is done
with it?
Wastewater treatment generates large quantities of solid
waste
Collectively this is called sludge or, more euphemistically,
biosolids
Contains all solid material removed from the waste stream,
including
Human waste, microorganisms, and toxic chemicals

Volume dwarfs that of municipal solid waste (ie, trash)

Sludge is very watery

Looks essentially like muddy water in original form
Only 1-10% solid

Usually dewatered at the treatment plant

Texture of a wet sponge
11-40% solid at this point

Disposal of Sewage Sludge

Eventual Fate?
Land application/recycling (40-50%)
67% of that used as fertilizer on crops
Must be treated to remove pathogens
Continued uncertainty over health effects due to pathogens
and pollutants in the sludge

12% of that to public

Given or sold

9% of that applied to damaged lands

Usually to revitalize closed mines

3% of that sprayed onto forests

Slope cannot exceed 10-20%

Sanitary landfill (50%)

Direct
Incineration
Resulting ash is landfilled

Mainline Water Treatment Processes

Disinfection
Physical: UV radiation, heat, membrane filters
Chemical: Chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide, iodine, other
antimicrobial chemicals

Filtration
Rapid granular media
Slow sand and other biological filters
Membrane filters: micro-, ultra-, nano- and reverse osmosis

Other physical-chemical removal processes

Chemical coagulation, precipitation and complexation
Adsorption: e.g., activated carbon, bone char, etc,
Ion exchange: synthetic ion exchange resins, zeolites, etc.

Disinfection of Microbes in Water

Historically, the essential barrier to prevention and control of waterborne
microbial transmission and waterborne disease.
Free chlorine: HOCl (hypochlorous) acid and OCl- (hypochlorite ion)
HOCl at lower pH and OCl- at higher pH; HOCl a more potent germicide than OCl strong oxidant and relatively stable in water (provides a disinfectant residual)

Chloramines: mostly NH3Cl: weak oxidant; provides a stable residual

ozone, O3 , strong oxidant; provides no residual (too volatile and
reactive)
Chlorine dioxide, ClO2,, string oxidant but not very stable residual
Concerns due to health risks of chemical disinfectants and their
byproducts (DBPs), especially free chlorine and its DBPs
UV radiation
low pressure mercury lamp: low intensity; monochromatic at 254 nm
medium pressure mercury lamp: higher intensity; polychromatic 220-280 nm)
reacts primarily with nucleic acids: pyrimidine dimers and other alterations

Sewage Treatment Systems

Sewage treatment in rural and suburban areas
Septic tanks
Primary (physical) sewage treatment
Secondary (biological) sewage treatment
Urban sewage treatment (Clean Water Act)
Sewage treatment facilities in many cities fail to meet
federal standards
Bleaching and disinfection
Disinfectants: chlorine, ozone, and ultraviolet radiation

Improving Sewage
Treatment
Systems that exclude hazardous
wastes
Non-hazardous substitutes
Composting toilet systems
Working with nature to treat
sewage

Preventing Nonpoint Source

Mostly agricultural wastes
Pollution

Use vegetation to reduce soil erosion

Reduce fertilizer use

Use plant buffer zones around fields

Integrated pest management: Only use pesticides when

necessary

Use plant buffers around animal feedlots

Keep feedlots away from slopes, surface water and flood

zones

Final Touches
Disinfection - water completely free of
suspended sediment is treated with a
powerful oxidizing agent usually chlorine,
chlorine then ammonia (chloramine), or
ozone.
A residual disinfectant is left in the water to
prevent reinfection.
Chlorine can form harmful byproducts and has
suspected links to stomach cancer and
miscarriages.
Many agencies now residually disinfect with
Chloramine.

pH adjustment - so that treated water

leaves the plant in the desired range of 6.5

isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/ mlee/geog4350/

Additional Steps
Heavy metal removal: most
treatment plants do not have special
stages for metals but rely on
oxygenation, coagulation and ion
exchange in filters to remove them. If
metals persist, additional treatment
would be needed
Troublesome organics: Activated
carbon filters are required where
soluble organic constituents are
present because many will pass
straight through standard plants, e.g.
pesticides, phenols, MTBE and so

isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/ mlee/geog4350/4