Redactarea unei lucrri tiinifice

Corin Badiu, 2016

Tipuri de lucrri tiinifice

Articol tiinific
Poster
Prezentare oral
Lucrare de diplom / master / doctorat
Grant de cercetare
Articole de educaie continu
Book review

Structura: Strategia Stilului

If a man can group his ideas, then he is a

writer.

Ending

Robert Louis Stevenson

Middle

Beginning

Cum se scrie un text tiinific ?

Logic, astfel incat alti cercetatori sa poata
repeta studiul !
Afla ce se stie deja (limita cunoasterii); obtine
literatura relevanta
Referinte bibliografice!
Material / Metode
Rezultate
Discutia rezultatelor
Concluzii

Gasirea literaturii adecvate

Reference manager, End note
Verifica formatul referintelor conform
instructiunilor pentru autori si sunt incluse pe
masura ce se scrie protocolul
Se pastreaza copii ale tuturor referintelor
PubMed:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed
Comunicari personale (cine si cand)
Date nepublicate (Cel mai bine se evita)

Reference manager

Sistem de documentare si editare a referintelor in articol

Formarea unei baze de date: import din sisteme internationale, sau prin
filtre (NLM medline), introducere manuala (Ins). Tipuri de baze de date:
tematice (KW), abstract, autori, reviste, date, LA, CP

Prelucrarea bazei de date: duplicate, cautari, reference list display, link

catre PM, pdf, url; copieri intre baze de date.

Modulul Cite While You Write (CWYW) in Word.

Alegerea si editarea stilului

Scrierea referintelor in text si lista bibliografica; schimbarea paragrafelor

in text.

Se incepe din laborator

Note detaliate despre materiale, reactivi, metoda.

n laborator, datele se pastreaza atat n forma

scrisa cat i organizata electronic!
Date precise + uniti de masura
Valori normale, kit de lucru
Ne asiguram ca am trecut toate datele necesare
pentru articol.

Inregistrarea datelor

Esential!
Inregistrarea informatiei este
facuta cu grija si precizie.

Note de laborator:

Materiale folosite
Metoda urmata
Rezultate observate
Observatii in timpul
experimentelor

Alte tehnologii de inregistrare:

Audio
Video
Baze de date
Fotografii
Aceleasi cerinte:
Inregistrari precise, organizate, suficient de clare
pentru a da informatii cand sunt citite mai tarziu

Consecventa de inregistare este Vitala

Se inregistreaza acelasi tip de date

Formulare tipizate pentru studiu

Se completeaza integral, fara spatii

libere

Se transcriu in format electronic

Incepem sa scriem articolul

Audienta

Caiet de laborator

Cine sunt?
Ce stiu?
De ce vor citi?
Cum vor citi?

Target

Format
Structura
Etica si Politica
Proces si Termene

Scop

Pentru a informa
Pentru a convinge

Un text stiintific are 4

componente.

IMRaD + C
Introducere

Material si Metode

Discutie
Rezultate

I. Introducere
Fondul problemei, nivelul de cunoastere
international /national
Conduce cititorul catre ipoteza de lucru

Introducerea pregateste cititorul pentru

actiune

Topic?
Structura?
Importanta?
Fondul problemei?
Introducere

Introducerea defineste scopul si limitele

cercetarii
Femeile pot avea
alte efecte

Nu se considera
Istoricul medical

scop
Efectele alcoolului
asupra sperantei de viata

Trei categorii de subiecti:

nu consuma alcool
consum moderat
alcoolici

Alte efecte,
Comorbiditati,
Efort fizic

limite

Studiu de 10 ani

Sunt supravegheati
barbati

II.

Materials and Procedure

(also called Experimental Section, Methodology, Method)

ALWAYS describes and/or lists materials or

instruments used
ALWAYS describes the procedure used, including
relevant calculations
ALWAYS uses chronological order (through time)

III. Results and Discussion

ALWAYS presents test results with relevant
calculations; usually includes accompanying visuals
tables, graphs, etc.
ALWAYS discusses the results, explains why things
happened, tells what is significant
USUALLY uses chronological order for results seen
and cause-to-effect order for discussion of results.

IV. Conclusions
ALWAYS includes a brief summary that tells
how the test results, findings, and analysis
meet the objectives established at the
beginning of the report.
SOMETIMES uses chronological order;
SOMETIMES uses priority order.

Why to write ?
Publication / Proposal
End Product of
Scientific work
To get other people
interested in and to
know your work
To show your activity

To obtain funding for

you and/or your group
to be able to
start/continue
interesting and
important research

On Your topic
New scientific results -> Publish it
lab measurements, field campaigns,
development of new devices and new
methods, basic theories, modelling
How much material in one paper?
In principle all scientific work will result as
publication: if not look your supervisor/advisor

Publication Chain

Abstract
Extended abstract
Real paper in International Journal
Nature/ Science paper

Thesis (M.Sc. / Ph.D)

Reports

Writing process
Alone or in group
Ask comments as soon and as often as possible from
co-authors and other people
Example (on co-operation): A makes outlines and
main results and B writes details etc.
Alone A could make 1-2 papers per year together A
and B can make 4-5 papers per year
Remember: as writer you would like other people to
read it, take this into account when you write

On Publications
Authorship

all authors must have scientific contribution

How many authors?

Review process

if you get somewhat postive comments it means that you are

able to publish the paper after some (even major) work;
Typically possible to negotiate
Nature, Science and PRL: you need to convince editors that
your topic is widely interested and significant

Letters to editros / covering letters

Some scientific research may require a survey of

current research.

Include the following information when

recording information:
The information
Whether the information is a direct quote or not
The source of the information and date
The subject matter of the information

Formatting and Organizing Lab

Reports
Lab Reports always answer these questions:
What was the purpose of
the lab?
What materials were used?
What was the procedure?
What were the results?
What are the conclusions?

Additional Sections of Lab Reports

May Include the Following:
Theory section Explains the
scientific theory behind the lab
Calculations section if the labs
used involve mathematical calculations
Recommendation section comes
after the conclusion and used if
necessary for the lab
Appendix section separate section
at the end of the report, that contains
tables and graphs whose complexity
and length disrupt the flow of the report
itself.

Composing the Lab Report

A few more important things to remember

Results vs. Conclusions

Experiments require writers to observe results and to draw conclusions
from those observations. Observable results, however, are different from the
conclusions drawn.
A result is simply what happened; a conclusion goes beyond what
happened. A conclusion requires a scientist to draw an inference, to make a
point about the results.
For example, Paul Broca measured womens brains in the mid-1800s.
When he observed that they weighed an average of 181 grams less than a
mans brain, he wrongly concluded that smaller brains meant women were less
intelligent than men. His observation, the result of his measurements, was
correct. The brains did weigh less. But less weight doesnt lead to the
conclusion that women are not as smart. (Interesting note: What would he
have concluded if he had known Einsteins brain weighed nearly pound less
than the average mans brain?)

Structure
Publication / Proposal
Abstract

summary including main

results

Introduction

why and short litterature

review

Materials and Methods

instruments, equations etc

Results

your results

Discussion

comparison with other

results

Conclusions

focus on new things and

wide connections

Summary
Introduction / background
Aims, objectives
Methods
Research Group

Best publications
Significant results

Links to other research

lists

Scientific education, research

training

lists

Schedule
Budget

Submission
Publications / Proposals
To which Journal
Look the format and other
instructions carefully
Citation index

more than 1
Nature around 20
JGR ~4

How much it costs ?

Do you expect to have
reasonable editors/revievers

Private foundations
National science foundation
(like Romanian Academy)
NMR, NoRFA
EU, ESF
Private Companies
PHARMA type (You need
companies to find out
national funding)
Ministry of

Anatomy of a Scientific Paper

Title: Descriptive, concise, and interesting
Abstract: Include all components of the manuscript
Body:

Introduction: State objectives, any questions, reason for writing

Materials and Methods: Provide details
Results: Stick to the facts, make sure it makes sense
Discussion: Draw conclusions from your data, compare to previous
studies
Conclusion: Studies implications, supported by results, and related to
objectives

References: Include retrievable sources, follow format

Tables: Do not imbed in text, follow guidelines, keep simple
Figures: Do not imbed in text, look professional
Figure Legends: Descriptive and concise

Your paper.. how?

Do not dive in without a plan mind map to outline
Aims & Obj.

Relevant background
to the problem

Hypothesis

Title &
abstract
Materials and
Methods

Introduction

Figures

Reading

My paper

Analysis

References

Results

References
Discussion

Text

Tables
statistics

Abstract
Prcis writing
Informative, not descriptive
Some numbers, but not in
excess
Determines if paper will be read
Is distributed freely in
databases

Title
Max info in least words
<12 words
<100 characters
The title is a label
Should almost never contain abbreviations
Question: easier to understand, more
impact
State results

Figures
Axes
- Minimize tick marks
- Dont number each tick
Lettering
- Uniform, lower case
- Minimize, avoid bold
- After reduction, 2-3 mm high

Legend
- Gives message

Tables

Single unit, understood without text

Exceed 1 sheet: redraw
Avoid narrow/broad; rotate all 90o
No added vertical/horizontal lines
If small: move data to text

Concentration
Need stretch of several hours
When time is short: prepare, revise
Avoid distractions: phone, beeper
Location
- Very boring area

- Nothing to distract

First Draft
Write as quickly as possible
As if thinking out loud
Get everything down
Ignore spelling, grammar, style
Skip troublesome words
Correct and rewrite only when the whole text is
on paper
Do not split the manuscript among the coauthors

Good Writing

Content, accuracy
Clarity
Precision
Logic
Order of presentation

Clarity
Clear
Exact
- Ambiguity, inconsistency
Concise
- Least words
- Short words
- One word vs many

Simplify
a majority of = most
at the present time = now
give rise to = cause
in some cases = sometimes
is defined as = is
it is believed that = I think
on the basis of = by
pooled together = pooled
subsequent to = after
with the result that = so that

Writing: Sentences

Only one idea in a sentence

Keep short: <20 words
Vary length
Long sentences: greater risk of grammatical
error

Writing: Paragraph
The unit of thought in a group of sentences
Subheading over each one in early drafts
Not too long solid block of printing (<125
words)
Long paragraph: bad

Writing:
Writing: Narrative
Narrative Flow
Flow
Telling a story
Reader follows from start to end
Writing is sequential: logic is the glue
Sentences hold hands
Smooth transitions
Every step is inevitable

Typing
Clean
Wide margins (2.5 cm)
On one side of the sheet only
Adherence to the style of the
journal
Proofread, proofread, proofread

Effective Scientific Writing

Correct use of units
The correct term for weight is mass
Units such as cm/h, mg/mL, mL/kg/min and l/g are
written as cm h-1, mg mL-1, mL kg-1min-1 and L g-1
respectively
Centrifugation units given in g
Greek symbols
Use proper symbols for +/- i.e. , and for degrees i.e.C
(Celsius)
Space between number and unit (2 cm NOT 2cm)

Ce publicam?
Rezultate noi Publicati
Metode, teorii, modele
Cat material intr-un articol? (la atata
munca...)

Authorship
Decided as early as possible
Should include persons who:
- Can defend the intellectual content, including data
and conclusions
- Must be willing to concede publicly any errors
- In the case of fraud be willing to state publicly the
nature and extent, and account for its occurrence

Authorship: Criteria
All the following criteria should be met:
- Generate at least part of the intellectual

content (conception or design, data analysis

and interpretation)
- Drafting, reviewing or revising critically for
important intellectual content
- Final approval of the version to be published

Authorship: Order
Some journals use the alphabetical order
Most of them assume an order based on each
authors importance to the study
- The first author is primarily responsible for collecting
and analyzing data, and writing
- The last one, an established investigator, assumes
the overall responsibility for the study
- The middle authors are listed according to heir order
of importance to the study

Authorship:
Authorship: Responsibilities
Responsibilities
The authors must comply with the following rules
when submitting the manuscript for publication:
The manuscript is not under consideration elsewhere and
the
research will not be submitted elsewhere until a
final decision has been made by the journal
The manuscript is a trustful, original work without
fabrication, fraud or plagiarism
The authors have made an important scientific contribution
and are familiar with the primary data
The authors have read the manuscript and take
responsibility for its content, and understand that if the
paper, or part of it, is found to be faulty or fraudulent, they
share responsibility

Benefits of Writing

Benefit greater to author than reader

Invaluable mental discipline
Enhances clear thinking
Making a subject intelligible to others
means you understand it
Improve your reading skills
Satisfies a creative instinct

Cine scrie?
Singur sau in grup
Cereti comentarii cat mai repede si cat mai des de la
co-autori si altii (carora le multumim)
Primul cel care face munca
Ultimul- cel care coordoneaza grupul
Importanta cea mai mica - in mijlocul articolului
In rest- Multumiri pentru..... sfaturi, tehnicieni,
finantare, etc....

Unde Publicam
ISI / Medline
NEJM, Lancet, - recenzie critica (respins)
Apoi reviste realiste (Factor de impact 1-4), cu mai
mult succes

Stop and Think!!!

Write the study!
Describe & classify the variables.
Instruments for measure?
Bias?
Prepare to analyze data!