Presentasi Training (Noise)

Occupational Noise
Exposure
Bali Basworo P.
Objective
Understanding what is Noise
Understanding the applicable standard to be used
Understanding the concept of noise mitigation
Understanding the types of noise
Able to applicated the noise protection as per standard/regulation requirements
Understanding the effects of noise on hearing;
Understanding the hearing protection purpose, types and use;
Understanding the purpose of audiometric testing and how it works; and
Understanding the right to see noise measurement records and hearing test results.
This guide has been prepared for all parties who commission, undertake or use
environmental noise predictions for commercial or industrial operations, of whatever
type or scale, for which an environmental noise assessment may be required.
This guide has been prepared for all parties, undertake or use environmental noise
predictions for commercial or industrial operations, of whatever type or scale, for which
an environmental noise assessment may be required.
PT. TRIPATRA
ENGINEERS AND CONSTRUCTORS
Occupational Noise
Exposure
Required Documents
Prior to the start of fire protection engineering and
relevant calculation study, the following items
shall be verified.
No.
1
Item to be Verified
Data given by Owner
Document
- FEED package or Tender
Documents
- Owners design engineering
standard, specification and
drawing
- Existing facility data for
equipment noise specification
- Process description
- Data of background noise
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FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Required Documents (1.2)
No.
Item to be Verified
Document
Government Document
- Environmental Minister Decree No.

48/1996 regarding Environmental
noise standard
- Circular letter of Manpower Minister
No. 01/1997 regarding chemical
physical factors in the workplace
International or Insurance
Code/Std
Pollution Prevention and Control

(PPC) permitting
BS 4142 and BS 9142 based
investigations
Planning condition compliance
Development of site specific noise
mitigation methodologies
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Required Documents (1.2)
No.
4
Item to be Verified
International or
Insurance Code/Std
Document
ISO 9613-2,
Part 2: General method of calculation
BS 4142, Method for rating industrial noise
affecting mixed residential and
industrial areas
BS 5228-2, Noise and vibration control on
construction
2: Guide demolition including road construction
and maintenance
BS 7445, Description and measurement of
environmental noise Acoustics
Attenuation of sound during propagation
outdoors and open sites
Part to noise and vibration control legislation for
construction and
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Terminology
Noise
Noise, or unwanted sound, is one of the most common health problems
in American workplaces.
Effects of Exposure to Loud Noise
Exposure to high levels of noise may cause hearing loss, create
physical and psychological stress, reduce productivity, interfere with
communication, and contribute to accidents and injuries by making it
difficult to hear warning signals.
Occupational Noise Exposure
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
estimates that 30 million workers in the U.S. are exposed to hazardous
noise
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Occupational Noise
Exposure
Terminology
Noise
Environmental Minister Decree No. 48/MENLH/11/1996
Environmental Noise Level
Bunyi yang tidak diinginkan dari usaha atau kegiatan dalam tingkat
dan waktu tertentu yang dapat menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan
manusia dan kenyamanan lingkungan (Unwanted/Unpleasant
Sound)
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Terminology
When unwanted noise gets loud enough
It is unpleasant
It is distracting
It is tiring & stressful
Higher levels cause permanent hearing damage
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Occupational Noise
Exposure
Methodology : Environmental Noise Modelling
Provide:
Guidance on risks associated with the use of environmental
noise modelling for decision-making
An account of sound propagation theory
A guide to standards, regulations and other guidance in this
area
A decision procedure for the design and use of
environmental noise models
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Methodology (Suban Comp. FEL3)
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Occupational Noise
Exposure
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Occupational Noise
Exposure
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Occupational Noise
Exposure
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Occupational Noise
Exposure
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Occupational Noise
Exposure
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Occupational Noise
Exposure
Exposure to loud noise will inevitably

cause hearing loss over time.
Loud noise damages or destroys the
hair cells in the inner ear.
Another effect can be tinnitus or
permanent ringing in the ear.
PT. TRIPATRA
Occupational Noise
Exposure
Our ears can recover from short

exposure to loud noise, but over
time nerve damage will occur.
The longer and louder the noise, the
greater chance permanent damage
will occur.
There is really no such thing as
tough ears or getting used to it.
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Occupational Noise
Exposure
Effects of noise to inner ear

Hair cells in the inner ear transmit noise signals to the brain.
Normal hair cells

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Noise-damaged hair cells

Occupational Noise
Exposure
Hearing Loss From Noise Exposure

Hearing loss from noise exposure is
usually not noticed because it is so
gradual.
Usually a person loses the ability to
hear higher pitches first.
Often the first noticeable effect is
difficulty in hearing speech.
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Occupational Noise
Exposure
Exposure to high noise levels can also

cause permanent ringing in the ear or
tinnitus.
Tinnitus sufferers usually complain of
constant whistling, squealing, roaring or
buzzing in one or both ears.
Severe tinnitus may disrupt sleep, reduce
concentration and cause irritability and
depression.
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Occupational Noise
Exposure
When is Noise Too Loud?

Noise is measured in units called decibels or dB
If two people 3 feet apart must shout to be heard, the
background noise is too loud (above 85 decibels).
Noise above 140 decibels causes pain and immediate hearing

loss (e.g. gunshots).
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Occupational Noise
Exposure
21
What is Too Much Noise Exposure?

Damage from noise exposure
depends on the loudness and length
of exposure.
Scientific studies have shown that

hearing loss can occur when 8-hour
average noise exposure exceeds 85
decibels.
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Occupational Noise
Exposure
22
What is Too Much Noise Exposure?

The risk of hearing loss increases
dramatically as noise levels increase.
Exposure to noise levels above 115 decibels
for even five minutes is very risky.
Impact or banging noise above 140 decibels
will cause immediate damage to nerves in
the ear.
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Occupational Noise
Exposure
23
Daily Allowable Exposure Times to Noise

The table below shows noise levels and how long a person can be exposed without
hearing protection before there is damage to the ear.
Noise Level
Allowable Exposure Time
85 decibels
8 hours
90 decibels
4 hours
100 decibels
1 hour
105 decibels
30 minutes
110 decibels
15 minutes
115 decibels
0 minutes
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Occupational Noise
Exposure
24
Examples of Noisy Equipment

Equipment
Noise Level
Back Hoe
85-95 decibels
Chain Saw
110 decibels
Front-end Loader
90-95 decibels
Gunshot
140 decibels
Jackhammer
112 decibels
Lawn Mower
90 decibels
Tractor
95-105 decibels
Circular Saw
90-100 decibels
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Occupational Noise
Exposure
25
OSHA Noise Exposure Limits
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)

OSHA has established noise exposure standards in order
to protect the hearing of employees.
There is a level that cannot be
legally exceeded. This is
called the permissible
exposure limit or PEL.
PT. TRIPATRA
For an 8-hour Timeweighted Average

(TWA): no more than
90 decibels.
Occupational Noise
Exposure
26

Exchange Rate
OSHA uses a 5 dB exchange rate for the decibel
scale. The exchange rate means that increasing the
noise level by 5 dB doubles the loudness. For
example, 90 dBA is twice as loud as 85 dBA.
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Occupational Noise
Exposure
27
Threshold Limit Value (TLV)

Noise Level
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
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Maximum allowable duration

being exposed of noise
(hours)
8
4
4
1
0,5
0,25
0,125
Threshold Limit Value (TLV)
Concentration limit that someone could be exposed in their

workplace for 8 hours/day or 40 hours/week over and over
without any negative health impact
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NILAI
AMBANG
Threshold
Limit BATAS
Value (TLV)
Noise Level
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
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Maximum allowable duration

being exposed of noise
(hours)
8
2
4
1
0,5
0,25
0,125
Noisy intensity scale

Description
Decibel
The highest heard limit
Deafen
120
110
Lightning
Cannon, Steam machine
Very hustle
100
90
Very hustle road

Police whistle
Strong
80
70
Very hustle office

Road, Radio
Medium
60
50
Hustle house
Office, strong conversation, quite radio
40
30
Quite house
Auditorium
Conversation
20
10
0
Sound of leaves
Whisper
Lowest heard limit
TQuite
Very quite
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Source of noise
Preventer Media
Ear
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NOISE LEVEL
KepMen LH No. 48/MNLH/11/1996
Allotment
Noise level (dBA)
A. Allotment
1. Housing & Settlement
55
2. Trading and Service
70
3. Office
65
4. Green Open Area
50
5. Industry
70
6. Government Complex/Area
60
7. Recreation facility
70
8. Airport*
9. Railway Stasion*
10. Seaports
70
12. Cultural heritage
60
B. Area of activities
1. Hospital
55
2. School
55
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Worship/Mosque/Chuch
ENGINEERS 3.
AND CONSTRUCTORS
55

Action Level
When the amount of noise exposure is above the action
level of 85 dBA, employers are required to implement a
hearing conservation program that includes the following:
- Conduct periodic noise monitoring
- Provide annual audiometric testing
- Provide training
The Action Level is 50% of the permissible exposure limit (PEL).
PT. TRIPATRA
Occupational Noise
Exposure
34
UNC-CH Hearing Conservation Program

The purpose of the Hearing Conservation
Program is to provide for the protection of
University employees from long term hearing
loss associated with noise levels in the
workplace in compliance with OSHA
Standard 29 CFR Part 1910.95 Occupational
Noise Exposure.
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Occupational Noise
Exposure
35

All University employees whose noise exposures equal or
exceeds an 8-hour time weighted average (TWA) of 85
decibels are enrolled in a hearing conservation program
(HCP). Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) administers
the HCP for the University. The program includes:
Periodic monitoring of noise exposures
Annual training on noise exposures
Use of hearing protection
Annual audiometric (hearing) testing
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Occupational Noise
Exposure
36

Current program participants:
Chilled Water Systems
Cogeneration Systems
Department of Laboratory Animal MedicineAnimal Care Technicians
Finley Golf Course Maintenance Department
Public Safety
Grounds Department
Construction Masonry Shop
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Occupational Noise
Exposure
37
Noisy Areas & Equipment at UNC-CH

EHS conducts noise surveys and personal
monitoring to identify areas or activities where noise
exposure may exceed the action level.
The following slides present noise data for
departments enrolled in the HCP.
PT. TRIPATRA
Occupational Noise
Exposure
38

Ex.
employees are exposed
to noise generated by
the mechanical
equipment used to
provide chilled water to
the campus.
Row of chillers at the South Annex Plant
The chillers and pump

motors generate the
higher noise levels.
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Row of pumps at the South Plant
Chilled Water Noise Survey Summary
PT.
Plant
Minimum dBA
Maximum dBA
Cobb
86.5
90.9
South Annex
89.7
93.3
South
90.1
96.5
East
86.1
96.9
This table displays the minimum and maximum noise

levels measured during a survey of four Chilled Water
plants. Chilled Water employees should wear hearing
protection when working in the plants to help prevent
occupational noise-induced hearing loss.
TRIPATRA
employees are exposed
to noise generated by
the mechanical
equipment used to
provide steam to the
campus.
Coal crusher
The coal crushers and

the turbine generator
create the higher noise
levels.
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Housing for the turbine generator
Fuel handling employees are exposed to the
highest noise levels from the railcar shaker.
The railcar shaker produces approximately 112
dBA.
The action level is exceeded after 15 minutes of
exposure at this level during a 10 hour shift.
Employees should remain in the control room
during the operation of the shaker to reduce noise
exposure.
PT. TRIPATRA
Coal railcars
Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine

(DLAM)
The Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine (DLAM)
is responsible for the care of all vertebrate animals
on the UNC-CH campus.
DLAM animal care technicians are exposed to noise
levels that can reach up to 104 dBA when caring
for some of the larger animals.
Technicians must wear hearing protection when
handling the animals.
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Finley Golf Course

The equipment used by the Finley Golf Course
Maintenance Department to maintain the
course produces high noise levels as shown below.
Equipment
Sound Level in dBA
Grand Master 3000-D
86.0
Reel Master 6500-D
89.0
Toro 1000
85.0
Speed Roller (Salsco)
96.5
Toro Multi Pro 1100
87.5
Suzuki M 120X
Toro Side Winder
(Reel Master 3100-D)
99.5
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90.0
Public Safety
UNC Public Safety police officers
are exposed to noise levels that
reach up to 111 dBA near the
student risers during basketball
games.
The firearms used during annual

training/qualifications can exceed
140 dBA.
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Grounds Department
Equipment
The Grounds Department has

over 60 employees, each an
expert in various aspects of
landscape design and
maintenance, irrigation, tree care,
and vehicle maintenance.
Here are some of the equipment
commonly used by employees to
maintain the campus landscape
and their respective noise levels
as measured by EHS.
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Chain Saw (Stihl)

Edger (weed eater)
Bush Cutter (Stihl)
Leaf Blower (Stihl)
Lawn Mower (Toro, riding)
Seeder (Lesco)
Lawn Mower (Scag, walk behind)
Tractor (Ford 3930)
Generator (Honda)
Lawn Mower (Jacobsen, riding)
Aerator (Ryan)
Lawn Mower (Honda, walk
behind)
Lawn Mower (Ransoms, riding)
Forklift (Caterpillar)
Lawn Mower (Toro, walk behind)
Lawn Mower (John Deere, riding)
Tiller (Honda)
Bluebird Seeder (Honda)
Bed Edger (Honda)
Gator (John Deere)
Sound Level
dBA
106.7
104.0
103.5
102.7
98.0
95.5
95.0
94.4
93.0
92.7
92.0
92.0
92.0
90.8
90.4
90.2
89.5
88.0
85.9
83.5
Masonry Department
EHS monitored a UNC Masonry
employee while the employee
used a jackhammer.
The noise levels reached 106 dBA.
The University of Washington has
conducted research on the noise
levels of tools used by masonry
workers.
PT. TRIPATRA
Hierarchy of Noise Control

Employers must first implement feasible engineering or
administrative controls when employees are subjected
to sound exceeding the PEL (90 dBA for an 8-hr TWA).
If such controls fail to reduce sound levels below the
PEL, hearing protection must be provided and used to
reduce sound levels below the PEL.
Engineering controls involve modifying the noise source
so it is quieter.
Administrative practices may include shift rotation or
exposure limitation.
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Hearing Protection
Hearing protection devices (HPDs) are considered
the last option to control exposures to noise.
Employers must make HPDs available to all
employees exposed at or above the action level.
Employees must wear HPDs when exposed at or
above the PEL.
HPDs must be provided at no cost to employees
and must be replaced as necessary.
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Types of Hearing Protection

There are three types of hearing
protection ear muffs, earplugs and
ear caps.
Ear muffs and earplugs provide about
equal protection, ear caps somewhat
less.
earmuffs
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earplugs
ear caps
Types of Hearing Protectors

All hearing protectors are designed to reduce
the intensity (loudness) of noise to the inner
ear.
They work much better than wads of cotton
or bits of cloth stuffed in the ear.
All three types have advantages and
disadvantages and people vary on which they
prefer to use.
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Cotton doesnt
work!!
Hearing Protection Ear Plugs

Earplugs are made of foam, rubber or plastic
and are either one-size-fits-all or in sizes
small, medium and large.
Some are disposable, some are reusable.
They are lightweight, and require no
maintenance.
They are inserted into the ear canal.
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Ear Plug Comfort

Some people may find ear plugs
uncomfortable to wear for long periods at
first.
Ear plugs rarely cause infection or prolonged
irritation of the ear canal.
Most people can find a comfortable fit by
trying several different sizes, types or
brands.
Custom-molded earplugs can be obtained
for maximum comfort.
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custom molded
earplugs
Inserting Foam Earplugs

Foam type earplugs are one-size-fits-all and must be
inserted properly into the ear.
Roll earplug into a small cylinder first, then insert in ear while pulling the
ear upwards and outwards. Click here to watch a 5-minute video on fitting
foam earplugs.
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Inserting Foam Earplugs
Earplug incorrectly inserted

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Earplug correctly inserted
Checking the Fit of Foam Earplugs

To check if foam earplugs are fitted properly press firmly
cupped hands over your ears while listening to a steady
noise.
With properly fitted plugs the noise levels should be about
the same whether or not the ears are covered.
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Premolded Earplugs
Premolded earplugs are reusable and made of rubber or
plastic.
To check if premolded earplugs are fitted properly
gently tug on the stem of the inserted earplug. Then,
gently move the stem in and out.
With properly fitted plugs you should feel slight
pressure on your eardrum. This technique is called the
tug and pump test.
For safe removal, carefully twist the plug to break the
seal.
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Ear Muffs
Ear muffs cover the whole ear
and are preferred by some
people.
They have replaceable pads
and some high-tech styles filter
out specific noise pitches.
They last longer than most
plugs.
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Attached Earmuffs
Some muffs are attached to hard

hats or goggles.
Some high-tech muffs can filter out

certain frequencies or have radios
inside for communication in high
noise areas.
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Ear Muff Comfort & Glasses
Muffs can be uncomfortable in

hot weather.
Muffs dont seal well for someone

with glasses or heavy sideburns.
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Ear Caps
Ear caps are like earplugs, except
they do not go into the ear canal,
they only block it.
They are good for occasional use
or for people who find earplugs
uncomfortable.
They are not as protective as
earplugs or muffs.
PT. TRIPATRA
Noise Reduction of Hearing Protection

The noise reduction rating or
NRR of hearing protection is
measured in decibels.
The NRR is found on the earmuff
or earplug package. The higher
the number, the greater the
protection.
The NRR is determined in a
laboratory. The NRR must be
adjusted for workplace
conditions.
PT. TRIPATRA
How can you hear anything with

earmuffs on?
Using earmuffs or plugs in noisy areas

can actually make it easier to hear
coworkers or machinery.
They reduce overwhelming loud
background noise.
They are similar to dark glasses that
reduce the suns glare making it easier
to see.
PT. TRIPATRA
Proper Use of Hearing Protection

Earmuffs and plugs provide good
protection only when used
properly.
Sometimes people will remove
hearing protection for just a
minute in a noisy area.
In areas of very high noise
exposure, this could result in noise
overexposure.
It wont protect your ears if it is
around your neck!!!
PT. TRIPATRA
Proper Use of Hearing Protection
It takes just a few minutes of

unprotected exposure at noise above
115 decibels to risk hearing damage.
Earplugs not well inserted into the ear
canal will not provide complete
protection.
Likewise, earmuffs not snug against
the head will leak noise into the ear.
PT. TRIPATRA
Hearing Aids Are Not Hearing Protection
Hearing aids do not block out enough

sound for most workplace noise.
Some hearing aids can actually increase
the noise level at the ear.
Just turning off the hearing aids will not
prevent further hearing loss from noise
exposure.
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How to Mitigate - Utilization of vegetation
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Portable Radios/CD Players/iPods

These devices do not provide protection from
noise.
The earphones are not earmuffs and the music
only adds to background noise.
The music level in the earphones themselves
can exceed 85 decibels and cause hearing loss.
PT. TRIPATRA
What is Audiometric Testing?

Audiometric testing is the
same thing as hearing tests.
It is done by trained
technicians to detect any
hearing loss.
Audiometric testing is required
for any employees enrolled in
the HCP.
PT. TRIPATRA
Purpose of Audiometric Testing

Most of us develop a mild hearing
loss as we age, especially in the
higher pitches.
A severe or significant hearing
loss at a younger age may mean
you have had excessive noise
exposure.
Audiometric testing done yearly
can detect early stages of hearing
loss.
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Audiometric Testing
Audiometric testing results can be used

to check the following:
If the hearing protection in use is
adequate,
If there is a change in noise exposure,
If there is a medical condition of the
ear unrelated to noise exposure.
PT. TRIPATRA
How Does Audiometric Testing Work?
When you are first hired, a

baseline test is taken.
The testing is repeated every
year after that and compared to
the baseline test result.
If a hearing loss is detected, you
will be referred to a doctor or
audiologist.
PT. TRIPATRA
Audiometric Testing
Audiometric testing produces printed
audiograms which show hearing ability at
several pitches or frequencies.
These frequencies include those of the
human voice.
The second and following year tests are
compared to the first year tests or
baseline.
If there is hearing loss of 10 decibels or more in the human
voice frequencies, you will be sent to the doctor or
audiologist.
PT. TRIPATRA
What is a Standard Threshold Shift?

A Standard Threshold Shift (STS) is an average hearing loss
of 10 decibels or more in the human voice frequencies of
2000, 3000, and 4000 hertz.
Employees identified as having a STS are required to obtain
an additional audiometric test within 30 days.
The retest will verify if the shift is temporary or permanent.
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What is an Audiogram?
An audiogram is a printed chart of the results of the
hearing test. They look similar to the results below.
PT. TRIPATRA
Noise Measurement Records & Hearing

Test Results
Employees have the right to see noise measurement
records and get copies of their hearing test results.
Contact EHS for access to previous noise measurement

records and audiometric testing results.
Obtain current audiometric test results during annual
audiometric testing.
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Environmental Noise Modelling
Management of the risks associated with using noise

predictions requires clear communication of the relevant
issues between practitioners and the end users of the
information.
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Thank You
PT. TRIPATRA

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Presentasi Training (Noise)

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Occupational Noise

Understanding what is Noise

Understanding the applicable standard to be used

Understanding the concept of noise mitigation

Understanding the types of noise

Able to applicated the noise protection as per standard/regulation requirements

Understanding the effects of noise on hearing;

Understanding the hearing protection purpose, types and use;

Understanding the purpose of audiometric testing and how it works; and

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

Required Documents (1.2)

- Environmental Minister Decree No.

Pollution Prevention and Control

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

Required Documents (1.2)

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

When unwanted noise gets loud enough

Methodology : Environmental Noise Modelling

Methodology (Suban Comp. FEL3)

Methodology (Suban Comp. FEL3)

Methodology (Suban Comp. FEL3)

Methodology (Suban Comp. FEL3)

Methodology (Suban Comp. FEL3)

Methodology (Suban Comp. FEL3)

Exposure to loud noise will inevitably

Our ears can recover from short

Effects of noise to inner ear

Normal hair cells

Noise-damaged hair cells

Hearing Loss From Noise Exposure

Exposure to high noise levels can also

When is Noise Too Loud?

Noise above 140 decibels causes pain and immediate hearing

What is Too Much Noise Exposure?

Scientific studies have shown that

What is Too Much Noise Exposure?

Daily Allowable Exposure Times to Noise

Allowable Exposure Time

Examples of Noisy Equipment

OSHA Noise Exposure Limits

Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)

For an 8-hour Timeweighted Average

OSHA Noise Exposure Limits

Threshold Limit Value (TLV)

Maximum allowable duration

Threshold Limit Value (TLV)

Concentration limit that someone could be exposed in their

Maximum allowable duration

Noisy intensity scale

The highest heard limit

Very hustle road

Very hustle office

Noise level (dBA)

2. Trading and Service

4. Green Open Area

12. Cultural heritage

OSHA Noise Exposure Limits

UNC-CH Hearing Conservation Program

UNC-CH Hearing Conservation Program

UNC-CH Hearing Conservation Program

Noisy Areas & Equipment at UNC-CH

Chilled Water Systems

Row of chillers at the South Annex Plant

The chillers and pump