Regulation

of
Immune Response

By

Revathi.S
09MTBI20

CONTENTS

Introduction
Immune system
Types of cells involved in immune system
Immune response
Types of immune response
Regulation of immune response
Conclusion
References

Introduction
Immunology- broad branch of biomedical science
covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all
organisms.
deals with, the physiological functioning of the immune
system in states of both health and disease;
malfunctions of the immune system in immunological
disorders (autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune
deficiency, transplant rejection);
applications in several disciplines of science.

 Even before the concept of immunity was developed, numerous

early physicians characterized organs that would later prove to
be part of the immune system.
primary lymphoid organs of the immune system ,
thymus
bone marrow,

secondary lymphatic tissues

spleen,
tonsils,
lymph vessels,
lymph nodes,
adenoids,
skin.

Immune system
system of biological structures andprocesseswithin
anorganismthat protects againstdisease.
In order to function properly, an immune system
must detect a wide variety of agents,
fromvirusestoparasitic worms, and distinguish
them from the organism's own healthytissue.
Pathogens can rapidlyevolveand adapt to avoid
detection and destruction by the immune system.

Components of the immune system

Innate immune system

Adaptive immune system

Response is non-specific

Pathogen andantigenspecific
response

Exposure leads to immediate

maximal response

Lag time between exposure and

maximal response

Cellmediatedandhumoralcomponents

Cellmediatedandhumoralcomponents

Noimmunological memory

Exposure leads to immunological

memory

Found in nearly all forms of life

Found only injawed vertebrates

Concept of Immune Regulation

Immune responses are tightly regulated
complex interaction of cells & mediators, and
by mechanisms to prevent anti-self reactivity
Failure of regulatory control can occur
Enhancement of immune responses or
infection can generate autoimmune reactions
(loss of selftolerance)
Decrease of immune responses may lead to
an immunodeficiency state
Shift in immune responses can lead to allergy

Scientists long wondered how all the genetic information needed to

make millions of different
antibodies could fit in a limited number of genes.
The antibody genes are spliced together from widely scattered bits of
DNA located in two different chromosomes.
Each antibody molecule is made up of two separate chains, a heavy
chain and a light chain.
The heavy chain is where the binding of antigens occurs, so much
genetic variation is involved in its assembly.
For example, to form a heavy chain, 1 of 400 possible variable gene
segments (V) combines with 1 out of 15 diversity segments (D) and 1
out of 4 joining (J) segments.
This makes 24,000 possible combinations for the DNA encoding the
heavy chain alone.
As this part of the gene assembles, it joins the variable coding
segments with those for the constant- C segments of the heavy-chain
molecule.

B Cell Response

T Cell Response

Immunological Tolerance
Definition and Properties
Specific unresponsive state induced by exposure to
antigenic epitopes
Tolerance to self is initially induced during embryonic
life, and is maintained by antigen
Tolerance occurs in both T and B cells
Multiple mechanisms of tolerance exist

Central Tolerance

Mechanisms of Immunological
Tolerance - Overview
Central Tolerance through Clonal Deletion
Clones of cells that have receptors for self-antigens
are deleted during development

Peripheral Tolerance
Clonal Anergy-failure of APC to deliver a second signal
during antigen presentation (example: B7-CD28
interaction)
Suppression of responses may occur by production of
regulatory T cells that inhibit immune response to selfantigen (example: TGF-, IL10 and Th1 vs. Th2
cytokines)
Ignorance to some self antigens may also exist

Tolerance: Establishment and

FailureGeneration of immune repertoires
Bone Marrow

Thymus
Central Tolerance

Self-reactive
lymphocytes
Deleted by negative selection

Wrong environment
(viral infection?)

Peripheral Tolerance

Leakage
of self-reactive
lymphocytes controlled

Tolerance fails

Wrong genes
or mutations

Autoimmune Diseases

Global

Therapies

Selective

Tolerance Exists in Both T and B Cells

However, the Kinetics and Waning of Tolerance Induction

Differs in T and B Lymphocytes

Thank you
For
Listening!!!.

ny Queries?