DEFINITIONS

Etymologique :
Ouvrir la peau (couper de bas en haut)
pour voir lintrieur du corps.
Scientifique :
Analyse des diffrentes structures du
corps en elles mmes (description), en
relation avec les autres (topographie)
Mdicale :
Connaissance des diffrentes
parties du corps humain normal
pour savoir les diffrencier du
pathologique

Lanatomie et la physiologie sont deux

branches de la science qui permettent de
comprendre le corps humain et son
fonctionnement.
LANATOMIE: est une science descriptive
tudiant la structure, la topographie et le
rapport des organes entre eux.
LA
PHYSIOLOGIE:
porte
sur
le
fonctionnement
des
structures
corporelles.

Du grec : anatomia ou anatome c..d couper travers

ou dissquer .
Du latin : dissecare c..d sparer
Paturet (1951) : cest la science qui a pour objet
ltude de la constitution des tres organiss
Rouvire : cest la science des structures du corps
De Ribet (1961) : cest la science qui a pour objet
ltude de la forme, les rapports rciproques et la structure
finale des organes des tres organiss, parmi eux : lhomme
Kamina : cest la science des structures organises du
corps humain vivant

 tude

analytique de la
morphologie
des
organes
spars
(forme,
dimensions,
poids,
couleur,
consistance,
constitution, structure
interne).
Cest ltude de base
en anatomie.

 tude

de la situation et
des
rapports
des
organes
entre
eux
dune
mme
rgion
anatomique.
Cest ltude de base de
la chirurgie.

 tude

de

la
fonction
des
organes et ses
rapports avec la
morphologie.

 tude

des
systmes et
appareils du
corps.

 tude

de la
morphologie laide
des techniques de
limagerie (radio, TDM,
IRM, scintigraphie..)

 Cest

une anatomie
applique la
clinique et la
chirurgie.

 tude

des rapports existant entre les

structures homologues de tous les
animaux y compris lHomme, soit entre
individu (ontognse) ou entre espce
(phylogense).

 tude

des variations morphologiques

chez les races humaines.

tude
des
transformations
morphologiques
de
lorganisme depuis la
fcondation
jusqu
lge adulte.
Elle
englobe
le
dveloppement prnatal
(embryologie,
foetologie)
le
dveloppement
postnatal (croissance) et
la
tratologie
(malformations
congnitales).

 tude

des altrations des structures

anatomiques
causes
par
les
maladies.

 tude

microscopique de la structure
des cellules (cytologie) et des tissus
(histologie).

 tude

des formes
extrieures du
corps
humain.
Elle est destine
aux sculpteurs,
graveurs
et peintres.

Movement - self initiated change in position, motion of internal parts

Responsiveness (irritability) - Ability to sense changes within, or around the
organism and react to them
Growth - increase in body size
Reproduction - Parents produce offspring / producing new individuals
Respiration - Obtaining oxygen (O2), using it to release energy from food
substances, and getting rid of wastes
Digestion - Chemically changing (breaking down) food substances, and getting rid
of wastes
Absorption - Passage of Digested products (food substances) through membranes
and into body fluids
Circulation - Movement of substances throughout the body
Assimilation - Changing absorbed substances into chemically different substances
Excretion - Removal of wastes
METABOLISM:: All physical and chemical changes occuring in an organism
Needs: Water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure - all must be regulated
HOMEOSTASIS: Tendency of the body to maintain a stable, balanced internal
environment. Accomplished through self regulating adjustments

(1) Niveau chimique: cest lensemble des

substances chimiques ncessaires au maintien
de la vie.
(2) Niveau cellulaire: la cellule est lunit
structurale et fonctionnelle de base.
(3) Niveau tissulaire: le tissu est un groupe
de cellules qui jouent un rle homologue.
(4) Niveau organique: lorgane rassemble des
tissus diffrents en vue dune fonction spcifique.
(5) Niveau systmique: le systme est un
ensemble dorganes comparables de point de
vue structurale.
(6) Niveau systmique: lappareil Ensemble
dorganes dissemblables et qui participent une
mme fonction.

Appareil locomoteur: regroupe les osseux,

articulaire et musculaire.
Appareil nerveux: regroupe les systmes
nerveux central, priphrique et vgtatif.
Appareil sensoriel: regroupe les 5 organes
de sens (toucher, got, olfaction, vue et oue)

Appareil digestif: regroupe le tube digestif et les glandes

annexes.
Appareil circulatoire: regroupe le coeur et les systmes
artriel, veineux et lymphatique.
Appareil respiratoire: regroupe les voies respiratoires et les
poumons.
Appareil urinaire: regroupe les reins et les voies urinaires.
Systme endocrinien: reprsent par les glandes endocrines.

 Appareil

gnital masculin: regroupe les

testicules, la prostate et les voies
spermatiques.
Appareil gnital fminin: regroupe les
ovaires et les voies gnitales.

 Cranial

Cavity
Houses the

Brain
Vertebral

Canal
Houses the

Spinal Cord

Thoracic Cavity
Abdominopelvi
c Cavity
(contains the
viscera)
Abdominal

Cavity
Pelvic Cavity

Lined by
serous
membranes

 Mediastinum:
a potential space
that contains the
heart, great
vessels, trachea,
esophagus, etc

Plural

Cavities:

contain the lungs

Pericardial

Cavity:
the heart

contains

 Ventral Body Cavity

Lined by a serous membrane,

Serosa

or

Parietal serosa: forms outer wall of

cavity
Visceral serosa: covers the visceral
organs

Serous

fluid

Secreted by the membranes

Is slick; reduces friction

 Around the Heart

Parietal Pericardium
Visceral Pericardium
Pericardial Cavity
Filled with serous

fluid

 Around the Lungs

Parietal Pleura:
lines walls of thoracic

cavity
Visceral

Pleura:

covers each lung

Around some
abdominopelvic organs
Contained within the
abdominopelvic cavity
Parietal Peritoneum
Covers wall of
abdominopelvic cavity
Visceral Peritoneum
Covers organs of the
peritoneal cavity
Some organs are
retroperitoneal

Serosa

Naming of serous membranes (serosa) with 2 adjectives:

Parietal serosa forms

the outer wall of the
cavity
Visceral serosa covers
the visceral organ

Pericardial: heart
Pleural: lungs
Peritoneal: abdominal

*The 2nd adjective can

become a noun:
pericardium, pleura,
peritoneum

 Quadrants:

Right Upper

Quadrant
Right Lower
Quadrant
Left Upper Quadrant
Left Lower Quadrant

Regions: 9
Rt Hypochondriac region
Rt Lumbar region
Rt Iliac (Inguinal) region
Epigastric region
Umbilical region
Hypogastric (Pubic) region
Lt Hypochondriac region
Lt Lumbar region
Lt Iliac (Inguinal) region

Whats underneath

 Oral cavity
Nasal cavity
Orbital cavities
Middle ear cavities
Synovial cavities

LANGAGE
ANATOMIQUE

The Language of Anatomy

Special terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding
Exact terms are used for:
Position
Direction
Regions
Structures

Pour une tude universelle du corps

humain, un accord international (adopt
Paris
en
1955)
dveloppe
une
nomenclature
anatomique
internationale en latin, cest:
Nomina Anatomica: N.A.
Cette nomenclature se rapporte une
position bien dfinie du corps humain,
o on distingue 3 axes, qui permettent de
dfinir 3plans, et des repres qui
dsignent la direction des mouvements.

Body Planes

Orientation and Directional Terms

Table 1.1

Orientation and Directional Terms

Body
Landmarks

Anterior

Body Landmarks
Posterior

Acro-extremity. Acrophobia is a fear of heights.

Adeno-gland. Adenoid is a lymph gland found in the nasopharynx.
Alba-white. Albinsm is the white appearance of skin lacking melanin.
Algia-pain. Neuroalgia is a pain following the course of a nerve.
Angi-vessel. Angioplasty is the repair of a blood vessel.
Arthro-joint. Arthritis is the inflammation of skeletal joints.
Auto-self. Autolysis is the destruction of body cells by bodily enzymes.
Bio-living. Biology is the study of living organisms.
Blast-germ, bud. Osteoblast is the germ of a bone cell.
Blephar-eyelid. A blepharoplasty is eyelid surgery.
Brachi-arm. The brachialis muscle moves the arm.
Broncho-trachea, windpipe. Bronchitis is the inflammation of the respiratory system.
Bucc-cheek. The buccinator muscle is in the cheek.
Capit-head. De-capitate means "Off With the Head!"
Carcin-cancer. A carcinogen is a substance which triggers cancer formation.
Cardia-heart. Cardiologist is a heart specialist.
Cephal-head. Cephalon is another term for the brain. (see capit-)
Cerebro-brain. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is fluid circulating within the brain and spinal cord.
Chole-bile, gall. Cholecestectomy is removal of the gallbladder.
Chondro-cartilage. A chondrocyte is a cartilage cell.
Chroma-color. Chromosomes are so named because they took color easily when dye is added to a cell.
Cili-eyelash. Supercilia are eyebrows -- the hairs above the eyelashes.
Corpus-body. Corpus albicans is the white body inside an ovary.
CoronaCrown. Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle run along the heart, encircling it like
a crown.The coronary ligaments of the liver (which encircle the liver like a crown), the coronal suture and
the corona of the glans penis, all structures which encircle something (like a crown).
Cost-rib. Costal cartilages attach ribs to the sternum.
Cut-skin. Cutaneous tissue is skin tissue.

Cysti-sac, bladder.
Cyto-cell. Cytology is the study of cells.
Dactyl-digits. Polydactylism is the presence of more fingers than is normal.
Derma-skin. Dermatologists are skin specialists. (see cut-)
Dura-tough, hard. Dura mater is the tough covering around the brain and spinal
cord.
Entero-intestine. Enteritis is inflammation of the intestines.
Erythro-red. Erythrocytes are red blood cells.
Galacto-milk.Galactose-Milk Sugur; Galactosemia is the lack of ability to digest one
of milk's sugars.
Gastro-stomach, belly. Gastric juices are produced in the stomach.
Glosso-tongue. Hypoglossal means "below the tongue".
Glyco-sugar. Glycosuria is sugar in the urine.
Hema-blood. Hemaglobin is a large molecule of the red blood cell.
Hepato-liver. The hepatic vein drains blood away from the liver.
Hyster-uterus. Hysterectomy is the removal of the uterus.
Ileo-ileum. Part of the small intestine.
Ilio-ilium. Part of the hip bone.
Lachry-tears. Lacrimal glands secrete tears.
Leuko-white. Leukocytes are white cells of the blood. (see alba-)
Lingua-tongue. Sublingual glands are beneath the tongue. (see glosso-)
Lipo-fat. Liposuction is the removal of fat by suction tube.
Lith-stone. Shock wave lithotripsy is a treatment for breaking up kidney stones.
Lumbo-lower back. Lumbar vertebrae are located in the lower back.
Macul-spot, blotch. The macula lutea is a spot on the retina of an eyeball.
Mamm-breast. Mammogram is a picture of a breast, usually a female breast.
Mast-breast. Aren't we showing our obsession with breasts?
Meningo-membrane. Meninges are the coverings of the brain and spinal cord.
Metro-uterus. Endometrium is the inner lining of the uterus. (see hystero-)
Morpho-shape. Endomorphs are people whose physical shape extends to the
limits of human dimension.
Myelo-spinal cord. Poliomyelitis is inflammation of the grey matter of the spinal
cord.

Myo-muscle. Myo-cardiac infarction is a problem with the heart muscle.

Necro-death. Necrosis is death of cell tissue.
Nephro-kidney. Nephrons are the functional units of a kidney.
Neuro-nerve. Neurons are individual nerve cells.
Oculo-eye. An oculist supplies eyeglasses.
Odont-tooth. Othodontics refers to repair of teeth.
Onco-tumour. Oncology is not doctors wearing pagers; it is the study of cancerous
tumours.
Ophthalm-eye. Ophthalmology is the study of eye and its diseases.
Oro-mouth. The oral cavity is the other name for the mouth.
Orchido-testicle. Orchidectomy is removal of a testicle.
Osse-, Osteo-bone. Osteoporosis is porosity of bone.
Oto-ear. Otosclerosis is the formation of bone in the ear.Otomycosis-fungal infection in e
Patho-disease. Pathogens are agents which cause disease.
Peps-digestion. Pepsin is an enzyme found in the digestive system.
Phago-eat. Phagocytes are cells (cyto-) which eat foreign material.
Philo-love, to have an affinity for. Hydrophilic molecules are attracted to water (hydro-)
Phleb-vein. Phlebitis is inflammation of the veins.
Phren-diaphragm. Phrenic refers to a diaphragm.
Pneumo-lung. Pneumonia is a disease of the lungs.
Pulmo-lung. Are lungs related to breasts?
Pyo-pus. Pyruria is pus in the urine.
Ren-kidney. Renal artery supplies blood to the kidney.
Rhin-nose. Rhinoplasty is a nose job
Scler-hard. Atherosclerosis is hardening of the arteries. (see dura-)
Stasis-stand still. Homeostasis is the process of maintaining constant conditions within
the body.
Thromb-clot, lump. Thrombosis refers to a clot in the heart or blood vessel.
Trich-hair. Trichosis is a disease of the hair.
Vas-vessel, duct. Vas deferens is the vessel which carries sperm from the epididymus.
Viscer-organ. Visceral refers to organs.
Zoo-animal. Zoology refers to the study of animals.

Venus of Milos

Muse du Louvre, Paris