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10/11/16
Dr.Latif Shaikh
Course Outline
Introduction
Circuit Breaker
The Arc
Isolators
Air Circuit Breakers
Air Blast Circuit Breakers
Vacuum Circuit Breakers
Oil Circuit Breakers
Sulfur Hexafluoride Circuit Breakers
Circuit Breaker Ratings
Circuit Breaker Controls
High Voltage Circuit Breakers Comparison
Reclosures
Sectionalizers
Fuses
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Fuse application
Dr.Latif Shaikh
Circuit Breaker
10/11/16
Dr.Latif Shaikh
Operating Principle
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Dr.Latif Shaikh
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Dr.Latif Shaikh
Electric Arc
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Dr.Latif Shaikh
Electric Arc
When contacts of circuit breaker starts separating the contact
resistance starts increasing. This increases the (I square r)
loss which is heat produced .
This heat increases the energy of electrons in the contact
areas and the ionized particles tries to maintain the current
when contacts are separated.This flow of charged particles
form one contact to other is called an arc .
The medium surrounding the arc also contains ions .
Due to this charged particles the arc continues even if the
breakers contacts are separated.
The voltage (potential gradient) across the arc is less and so it
continues even for low voltages.
10/11/16
Dr.Latif Shaikh
Dr.Latif Shaikh
Important terms
Arc Voltage It is the voltage that appears across
the contacts of the circuit breakers during the arcing
period as the contacts are opened.
Recovery voltage It is the normal frequency
voltage that appears across the contacts of circuit
breaker after final arc extinction.
Rate of rise of restriking voltage (RRRV) It is the
rate of increase of restriking voltage .RRRV depends
upon 1) recovery voltage and 2) Natural frequency of
oscillation
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Dr.Latif Shaikh
Restriking Voltage
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Dr.Latif Shaikh
Current Chopping
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Dr.Latif Shaikh
Current Chopping
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Dr.Latif Shaikh
Resistance Switching
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Dr.Latif Shaikh
Resistance Switching
The switching Resistor (R) is connected in parallel with the CB
contacts. Current chopping produces high voltage
oscillations which can be prevented by this method.
During arc interruption CB contacts separate first and after arc
gets extinguished S opens depending upon the time delay
provided to it.
When the fault occurs the CB contacts open and arc is struck
between them. Since R is in parallel with Cb contacts ,a part
of arc current flows through this resistance so arc current
decreases and deionization rate increases. The arc
resistance also increases so current through R increases.
This continue till the arc current is insufficient to maintain
the arc.
10/11/16
Dr.Latif Shaikh
10/11/16
Dr.Latif Shaikh
10/11/16
5 cycle breaker
1.1
3 cycle breaker
1.2
2 cycle breaker
1.4
Dr.Latif Shaikh
10/11/16
Dr.Latif Shaikh
10/11/16
Dr.Latif Shaikh
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Dr.Latif Shaikh
10/11/16
Dr.Latif Shaikh
Automatic Reclosing
Many faults (80-90%) in the overhead distribution system like
flash over of insulators, crow faults, temporary tree contacts ,
etc are temporary in nature. Thus, taking a feeder or line
permanent outage may lead to unnecessary long loss of
service to customers. Hence, many utilities use fast automatic
reclosers for an overhead radial feeder without synchronous
machines or with minimum induction motor load. Presence of
synchronous machines will require additional problem of
synchro-check to be addressed. The almost universal practice
is to use three and occasionally four attempts to restore
service before lock out .
10/11/16
Dr.Latif Shaikh
10/11/16
Dr.Latif Shaikh
Reclosures
Application of reclosers in distribution systems requires
selection of its ratings such as minimum trip current,
continuous current, symmetrical interrupting current etc.
For a single phase system, single phase reclosers can be used
whereas for a three phase system, one three phase recloser or
three single phase reclosers can be used. Reclosers have to be
selected by considering the following factors.
Voltage Rating.
Continuous current Rating : This is the maximum load current
the recloser has to carry.
Maximum Symmetrical Interrupting Rating: The maximum
symmetrical fault current should not exceed this rating.
Minimum Tripping current : This is the minimum fault current
that a recloser will clear. It is equal to two times the
continuous current rating. Usually tolerance is 10%. This
decides the sensitivity of the recloser
10/11/16
Dr.Latif Shaikh
10/11/16
Dr.Latif Shaikh
10/11/16
Dr.Latif Shaikh
Answer
Recloser at B
Maximum load current on this single phase line = 40A.
Continuous current rating of this recloser must be 1.25 - 1.5 times the
maximum load current to account for anticipated load growth.
i.e. Continuous current rating of this recloser at B = 40 1.5 = 60A.
From the table 1, any recloser with continuous current rating of 100A and
above is acceptable.
Maximum fault current at B = 1750A.
Interrupting current rating must be greater than 1750A. From the table 1, we
see that recloser with 100A continous current rating has 2000A symmetrical
rms short circuit current rating. Hence, we can choose this recloser.
Minimum tripping current = Continuous current rating 2 10% tolerance
= 100 2 10% of 200 = 220A
Since the minimum trip current 220A is less than the minimum fault current
250A at the line end, it can protect the entire line.
Voltage rating of the line is 11kV. So we can select the maximum voltage rating
of 15.5kV (from the table).
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Dr.Latif Shaikh
Sectionalizers
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Dr.Latif Shaikh
Sectionalizers
Sectionalizers are used in the bus bars so that fault on any
section of bus bar will not cause complete shut down.
Advantages of sectionalizers
1.If fault occurs on any section of bus bars then that section is
isolated from other sections without affecting the system.
2.Fault current is much lower than in case of un sectionalized
system (as the fault is fed from only one section)
3.Repairing and maintenance on one section can be carried out
by de energizing that section only eliminating the possibility
of complete shut down.
The breaker in the bus bars is acting as sectionalizing breaker
in the shown figure.
10/11/16
Dr.Latif Shaikh