Você está na página 1de 53

ANTISIPASI pada

PERENCANAAN dan
KONSTRUKSI JEMBATAN
terhadap BEBAN FATIK
Work Shop Teknologi Jembatan Terkini yang Diselenggarakan, Pusat
Penelitian Jalan dan Jembatan, Balitbang, Kementerian PU
29-30 September 2014
Fauzri Fahimuddin, Dosen Teknik Jembatan, Sipil FTUP dan Politeknik UI
(PNJ)

Bridge Failure

Preventing Failure
How

to assure performance, safety


and durability?
Avoid excess deformation that may
deteriorate the functionality
Avoid cracking that may propagate to
complete fracture

Deformation and Failure


Deformation: Time independent
Elastic
Plastic
Time dependent
Creep
Fracture: Static loading
Brittle
Ductile

Fatigue/Cycling
loading
High cycle
Low cycle

Brittle vs. Ductile Fracture

Ductile

materials - extensive plastic deformation and


energy absorption (toughness) before fracture

Brittle

materials - little plastic deformation and low energy


absorption before fracture

Brittle vs. Ductile Fracture

Ductile Fracture

Ductile Fracture

Brittle Fracture

Fatigue process
Fatigue

process can occur at stress levels


due to cyclic loading that are
substantially less than those failure
under static loading conditions
The usual condition that produces fatigue
cracking is the application of a number of
fluctuation load cycles

Bridges

are susceptible to fatigue


cracking

Structural details and


discontinuities
It

is inevitable that cracks or cracklike discontinuities will be present in


fabricated steel elements
In the design, details that might be
prone to cracking should be avoided
The structures are inspected for
cracks, both during fabrication to
limit the size of initial flaws and also
during service to ascertain any
crack growth

Initiation

from a point of high stress concentration


Stress concentration can result from weld flaws, out-of-plane
distortion, fabrication details or fatigue prone details

Fracture Surface of I-shaped Cross


Section

Discontinuities in a Fillet-Welded
Detail

Fatigue Crack at End of Cover Plate Fillet


Weld Toe

Crack Surface Showing Fatigue Crack


Growth

Discontinuities and Stress


Concentrators
Fatigue

behavior is controlled by the


presence of pre-existing cracks or crack-like
discontinuities, or other areas of stress
concentrations
Consequently, there is little or no time
during the life of the structure that is taken
up with "initiating" cracks

Engineer

is responsible to consider/avoid the


consequences of potential fatigue and
subsequent brittle fracture

Introduction about Fatigue


Stress

concentrators - in order to
understand where fatigue occurs;
Fatigue crack propagation - in
order to understand how fatigue
occurs; and
Fatigue life prediction methods in order to review existing
approaches destined to analyze
when fatigue occurs

Definition
Technical

aspects:

Fatigue is a term, which applies to


changes in properties which can occur in
a metallic material due to the repeated
application of stresses and strains,
which may lead to cracking and failure;
Engineering

aspects:

Fatigue shows the inability of an engineer


to design, construct, and maintain
structures that support relatively small
cyclic loads for a long time.

Definition
Fatigue

can be classified by the


form in which it occurs:
mechanical, creep, thermo
mechanical, corrosion, rolling
contact, and fretting fatigue
(Suresh)
Fatigue can also be classified by
the duration of the fatigue life:
low-cycle and high-cycle fatigue

Definition
Fatigue Threshold
If very low cyclic stresses are applied on a non-cracked detail,
fatigue cracks will not initiate
If very low cyclic stresses are applied on cracked detail, the crack
propagation will stop
A non-initiation or non-propagation of fatigue crack means that
the material around the crack initiator or fatigue crack is not (any
more) cyclically damaged
The nominal stress level at which the cyclic damage evolution
stops is called fatigue threshold
A physical explanation of the fatigue threshold is that if nominal
load ranges are very small, then local cyclic strains around the
stress concentrator do not exceed the elastic range
This means that no plastic deformation (dislocation movement)
occurs around the grain scale stress concentrators, micro-cracks
do not nucleate, and local damaging of material does not
develop

Fatigue crack propagation modes


Depending

on the relative
orientation of loading to the
crack. Mode I (tension), Mode II
(shear), Mode III (torsion).

Stress Concentrators
details there are
changes in geometry called
stress concentrators

Structural

Local stress fields near stress concentrators are


considerably larger than nominal stress away from

Stress Concentrators &


Crack
Fatigue

cracks typically appear near


the stress concentrators
The stress concentrators, leading to
the appearance of fatigue cracking,
can be called crack initiators
Crack initiators can be holes, welds,
notches, or regions where material
structure changes. The fatigue crack
itself is also a stress concentrator

Crack Initiators
The

linear-elastic stress field around the crack


initiator can be expressed through the stress
concentration factor (SCF)
SCF is the ratio of the local linear-elastic stress
component at this point to the corresponding
nominal stress component

SCF (x) = le (x) / 0


Where:
le

(x) is the local linear-elastic stress acting


perpendicularly to the xaxis
0 is nominal stress component

SCF for plate with a hole in the


center

The most widely used way to calculate the stress


concentration factor SCF is finite element method

Fatigue Cracks
The

linear-elastic stress field at the


tip of a sharp crack can be calculated
using a stress intensity factor, K I
(mode-1)
Many methods to compute the linear
elastic stress field at a sharp crack tip
The stress field can be expressed by
the Equation:
for an ideally sharp crack :
for blunted crack, radius :

Linear-elastic stress, y at the


crack tip

a)

Linear-elastic stress y at the crack tip :


sharp crack ; b) blunted crack with tip radius

The larger the r, the smaller the linear-elastic stress


y at the crack tip

Stress intensity factor


The

stress intensity factor for a crack in an


infinite 2-dimensional plate can be calculated
using Equation which was first given by Griffith

more general formula for the stress intensity


factor is :

where Y is called stress intensity correction


factor

Fatigue Crack Growth


Crack

growth in metals requires two


existing conditions:
existing flaws, and
tensile stresses

This

crack growth can be delineated


into three distinct regimes:
initiation,
steady-state propagation, and
unstable fracture, as illustrated in Figure

Regimes of Crack Growth

Fatigue crack growth can be divided into three stages as


shown in Figure: initiation, propagation, fracture

Initiation

portion of general crack growth in which existing flaws


are sharpened into cracks is essentially non-existent for all
fabricated steel structures and can conservatively be ignored.
Thus, crack growth in bridges is delineated into two regimes:
Stable fatigue cracking and Unstable fracture

Figure

above graphically illustrates crack growth in bridges

Crack Initiation
Crack

initiation takes place at the


crack initiators. The length of the
initial crack is marked as a0 and it
is usually taken between 0.1 to
0.25 mm
The number of stress cycles
corresponding to crack length a0 in
the a-N curve is referred to as the
crack initiation life and it is noted Ni

Stable Crack Propagation Growth


Stable

crack propagation growth takes


place along a path perpendicular to
the dominant principal stress
The number of load cycles required to
grow the crack from its initial length
a0, to the critical length acr, is called
the stable crack propagation growth
life and it is given the symbol Np
The total fatigue life, Nf, is the sum of
the Ni and Np

Unstable Crack Growth/Fracture


If

crack propagation has entered into


the unstable growth stage, a ductile or
brittle fracture of the detail can take
place. This phase of the fatigue crack
propagation is very short compared to
the crack initiation and the stable crack
growth phases
Since the unstable crack
growth/fracture stage is only a small
part of the total fatigue life, it is not
important from a practical point of view

Fatigue Life Prediction Methods


The

ultimate aim of fatigue crack


propagation modeling is to predict
fatigue life of structural details
The common methods of fatigue
life prediction are as follow:
S - N curve based approach, S-N curve
Local strain approach, Strain-life
relationship
Fracture mechanics approach, Paris
equation

Fatigue Life Prediction


Methods
Each

fatigue life prediction method


is predicated on a relationship
between some load related
parameter and the fatigue life.
Briefly, a load-life relationship
determines the relationship between
some load related parameters and
fatigue life of a detail of given
material and geometry

Allowable stress range for


various details and S-N Curves
Test were made to determine
allowable stress range for various
details and plotted against
number of cycles
Allowable Stress v. number of
cycles S-N Curves
If computed stress range is less
than the allowable stress range =
infinite life for the detail

Cyclic Loading

mean
range

max min

2
max min

max min
amplitude
2
min
Stress Ratio, R
max

Rotating Machinery

Airframes, Bridges, Tanks, etc,

Driving Force for Crack


Growth
The

driving force for crack growth is the


range in the stress intensity factor during
cycling

K f (a/W) a
max min for R 0
max for R 0

Stress Range
Live Load
Fatigue is

Stress Range
only considered for
tension or stress reversal
situation.
Tensile portion of stress cycle
drives or propagates the fatigue
crack, no matter how small the
tension component
No test specimen lost their loadcarrying capacity as a result of
compression cracks

Crack Length, a

Crack Growth Rate, da/dN


ac1

1 <
2

ac2

X
da/dN2

da/dN1

ao

Cycles, N

Threshold Region
Slow Growth

log(da/dN)

da
A(K) m
dN
m

A
logK)

Fast Fracture Region


Rapid-unstable Growth

Paris Law
Paris Region
Stable Growth

Exampled of Distortion-Induced
Fatigue Cracking
Cut-Short

Fatigue

Transverse Stiffeners

Cracking from Out-of-Plane Movement

Exampled of Distortion-Induced
Fatigue Cracking

Web Gap Cracking at End of Transverse Connection Plate

Exampled of Distortion-Induced
Fatigue Cracking

Bottom Flange of Floor Beam Coped at Connection to


Girder

Moment Cover Plate Problem


Significant

stress concentration
at cover plate end due to abrupt
change of cross-section.
Weld at ends of cover plate
caused weld termination
transverse to flow of stresses
Later discovered that these cover
plated details where all E or E
category fatigue prone details
Level of low allowable stress rang

POSSIBLE CRACK LOCATIONS

Crack Propagation at Cover Plate


Ends

Conclusion
It

is very important to consider the


consequences of potential fatigue and
subsequent brittle fracture during the
design, fabrication process, and during
service to ascertain any crack growth
During design, avoid/minimize every
potential stress concentrator
During fabrication, avoid any
flaws/defects
During service, need regular inspection,
avoid over loading and corrosion

Você também pode gostar