October 1 Lecture 3

st

Atomic Theory
How we got here
Isotopes
Determining mass
Tutor- David Sin

CSU-EB

Fall 2015

Atomic Theory of Matter

The theory that
atoms are the
fundamental
building blocks of
matter reemerged
in the early 19th
century,
championed by
John Dalton.
CSU-EB

Fall 2015

What led to the idea of the

atom?

Law of conservation of Mass- 1789 A.

Lavoisier

Law of Definite Proportions 1797 J. Proust

Law of Multiple Proportions 1804 J. Dalton

CSU-EB

Fall 2015

Daltons Postulates

Each element is composed of extremely

small particles called atoms.

All atoms of a given element are identical

to one another in mass and other
properties, but the atoms of one element
are different from the atoms of all other
elements.

CSU-EB

Fall 2015

Daltons Postulates

Atoms of an element are not changed into

atoms of a different element by chemical
reactions; atoms are neither created nor
destroyed in chemical reactions.

Compounds are formed when atoms of

more than one element combine; a given
compound always has the same relative
number and kind of atoms.

CSU-EB

Fall 2015

The Electron

Streams of negatively charged particles were

found to emanate from cathode tubes.
J. J. Thompson is credited with their discovery
(1897). Thompson measured the charge/mass
ratio of the electron to be 1.76 108
coulombs/g.

CSU-EB

Fall 2015

Millikan Oil Drop

Experiment
Once the
charge/mass ratio
of the electron was
known,
determination of
either the charge or
the mass of an
electron would yield
the other.
CSU-EB

Fall 2015

The Atom, circa 1900:

Plum pudding
model, put forward by
Thompson.
Positive sphere of
matter with negative
electrons imbedded
in it.

CSU-EB

Fall 2015

Discovery of the Nucleus

Ernest Rutherford
shot particles at
a thin sheet of gold
foil and observed
the pattern of
scatter of the
particles.
CSU-EB

Fall 2015

The Nuclear Atom

Since some
particles were
deflected at large
angles,
Thompsons model
could not be
correct.

CSU-EB

Fall 2015

10

The Nuclear Atom

Rutherford postulated a very small,
dense nucleus with the electrons around
the outside of the atom.
Most of the volume of the atom is empty
space.

CSU-EB

Fall 2015

11

The Nuclear Atom

Rutherford postulated a very small,
dense nucleus with the electrons around
the outside of the atom.
Most of the volume of the atom is empty
space.

CSU-EB

Fall 2015

12

Subatomic Particles
Protons and electrons are the only
particles that have a charge.
Protons and neutrons have essentially the
same mass.
The mass of an electron is so small we
ignore it.

CSU-EB

Fall 2015

13

How atoms differ

Groups of atoms are similar because these
have the same number of protons and
electrons.
These groups are called elements
Elements are different because these have
different number of protons.

CSU-East Bay

Fall 2015

14

Behavior of Electrons in
Atoms
Electrons are NOT like planets orbiting the
sun (circling the nucleus).
Electrons are quantized in discrete energy
levels.
Nuclear particles are likewise quantized.

CSU-EB

Fall 2015

15

Atomic and Mass Number

All atoms of the same element have the

same number of protons referred to as the
atomic number (Z).
The atom also has neutrons (with one
exception) and the Mass Number (A) refers
to the number of protons and neutrons

CSU-EB

Fall 2015

16

Isotopes:
Atoms of the same element with different
masses.
Isotopes have different numbers of
neutrons.

11
C
6

12
C
6

13
C
6

CSU-EB

14
C
6

Fall 2015

17

Atomic Mass

Atomic and
molecular masses
can be measured
with great
accuracy with a
mass
spectrometer.

CSU-EB

Fall 2015

18

Average Mass
Because in the real world we use large
amounts of atoms and molecules, we use
average masses in calculations.
Average mass is calculated from the
isotopes of an element weighted by their
relative abundances.
The atomic weight for Boron is calculated
from the fact that 10B is 19.9% abundant
and 11B is 80.1% abundant= 0.199 (10.0 amu) + 0.801 (11.0 amu)
= 10.8 amu

CSU-EB

Fall 2015

19

Organizing the elements

Periodic table first developed in mid 1860s
by Mendeleev and Mayer
Mendeleev predicted several elements
based on the

CSU-EB

Fall 2015

20

End Lecture 3

CSU-EB

Fall 2015

21