DRY STATIC FRICTION, BELT

FRICTION
ES 11 Statics of Rigid Bodies
Lecture 7

INTRODUCTION
In
the
preceding
chapters,
it
was
assumed that contiguous
surfaces of bodies in
contact
were
either
FRICTIONLESS
or
ROUGH.
However, no
frictionless
exists.

perfectly
surface

FRICTION
Resistance to relative motion of two bodies in contact.
Represented by a series of forces acting tangent at the
surface of contact.

TYPES OF FRICTION
FLUID FRICTION friction developed between layers of
fluid moving at different velocities
DRY FRICTION or COULOMB FRICTION friction
developed between rigid bodies which are in contact
along nonlubricated surfaces.

DRY FRICTION
Surface irregularities and molecular attraction are
hypothesized to contribute to friction.

The magnitude of friction depends on the roughness and

normal force whether the object is stationary or sliding.

DRY FRICTION
The maximum friction force that can be developed
between two surfaces (LIMITING FRICTION) is directly
proportional to the normal force:

The kinetic friction force is:

DRY FRICTION
s and k
dependent on
nature of
surfaces
contact

are
the
the
in

Frictional
resistance
is
independent
of
the size of the
macroscopic area
of contact.

DRY FRICTION
What youre seeing

FBD of block
W

T
T

fs

State of motion
Static

F 0

Friction vs. the

Tensile force

Static

F 0

fsmax

Static
(impending
motion)

F 0

fk

Accelerated
motion

F 0

T
f

T
f

EXAMPLE
Determine the friction force
between the 75 N block
and the plane and the
state of motion of the block
when:
a. P = 10 N
b. P = 15 N
c. P = 20 N
s = 0.2 and k = 0.1

EXAMPLE

EXAMPLE

EXAMPLE

LIMITING ANGLE OF FRICTION (S)

LIMITING ANGLE OF FRICTION (S)

Consider a block resting on an incline:

When motion is impending, = S = angle of repose

EXAMPLE
A 20 N block is resting on
an incline as shown. At
what angle will the block
be in impending motion? s
= 0.2

= tan-1(0.2) = 11.31o

EXAMPLE
Block A weighs 45 N. Determine the the range of values of
the applied force P such that block A remains in equilibrium.
s = 0.3.

EXAMPLE
If P is less than the
minimum required to
maintain
equilibrium,
the
block will slide down
due to its own
weight.

W = 45 N
y

f
N

EXAMPLE
If P is greater than
the
maximum
required to maintain
equilibrium, the block
will slide up due to
the applied force.

W = 45 N
y

f
N

EXAMPLE
If P is greater than
the
maximum
required to maintain
equilibrium, the block
will slide up due to
the applied force.

W = 45 N
y
x
R

25o

EXAMPLE
Block A weighs 25 N. Determine the largest weight of block
B for equilibrium. Neglect friction in the fixed drum. s =
0.25 for all other surfaces.

EXAMPLE
If B is large, it will tend to
move downward, causing
Block A to move upward.

WA = 25 N
T

y
x

EXAMPLE
If B is large, it will tend to
move downward, causing
Block A to move upward.

T = 17.91 N
WB

y
x

EXAMPLE
Block A weighs 65 N and block B weighs 135 N. What is the
minimum value of force P can be applied on A that will hold
the system in equilibrium? The coefficient of friction for all
contiguous surfaces is 0.2.

EXAMPLE
The minimum force P is
just enough to prevent the
blocks from moving on
their own.

fAB

WB = 135 N
fB

NAB

NB

WA = 65 N

NAB =
93.19 N

EXAMPLE
The minimum force P is
just enough to prevent the
blocks from moving on
their own.

fAB
fA

NA

BELT FRICTION
Belt a cable, band, or rope
Fixed drum an immovable
cylinder supporting the
belt
Tension the force that pulls and
stretches the belt.
Tension is represented by the
arrow pointing to the direction
of the pull on the rope.
A rope around a bollard is
another example of a belt
on a fixed drum.

BELT FRICTION
If fixed drum is smooth
No friction
If tension is larger on one
side of the belt, the belt will
move to that side.
If fixed drum is rough
Friction between drum and
belt BELT FRICTION
Unequal tensions, contact area
and roughness between belt
and drum, are factors of belt
friction.

BELT FRICTION

Belt friction is always against the

potential sliding action of the
belt against the heavier pull.

In effect, it helps the weaker

tension to keep the belt from
sliding.

BELT FRICTION

BELT FRICTION

BELT FRICTION

Note: Angle of contact

should be in RADIANS.

BELT FRICTION

EXAMPLE
The maximum tension that can be developed in the cord
is 500N. If the pulley at A is free to rotate and the
coefficient of static friction at the fixed drums B and C is
0.25, determine the largest mass of the cylinder that can
be lifted by the cord. Assume that the force T applied at
the end of the cord is directed vertically downward.

EXAMPLE

EXAMPLE

EXAMPLE
Since this pulley
is free to rotate,
no belt friction is
developed, thus
tension in both
sides are equal

EXAMPLE