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Newborns
1. Prefer the human voice over
"acoustically complex stimuli" (1176)
2. Can discriminate between speakers
3. Show a preference for their mother's voice
with limited contact (at most 12 hours)
Characteristics
of Caretaker Speech
Prosody, etc.
Higher in pitch
More variable in pitch
More exaggerated in intonational contours
Slower
Smoother pitch contours
More rhythmic
More pauses
Content
More repetitions
More based in the here and now
2
Gestures Showing
Communicative Intent
1. Pointing at things (Assertion or request)
2. Showing things to parent (NOT to give)
3. Giving you things
4. Reaching
5. Showing off (Repeating things that get
approval; dancing)
Bates, Elizabeth, et al. 1979. Cognition and communication from nine to thirteen
months: Correlational findings. In E. Bates, editor, The Convergence of Symbols:
Cognition and Communication in Infancy. New York: Academic Press.
Language, etc.
4 Shakes rattle;
sounds :
supports head
Responds to human
turns head, eyes search
Vowel-like cooing
more consonantal sounds
Language, etc.
Cooing becomes
(reduplicated) babbling
(babababa)
reduplication;
communicative intentions
7
(bigodabu)
Language, etc.
Sound play: gurgling,
seems to try to imitate;
differentiates between
Variegated babbling
understanding; commands:
Show me...
Language, etc.
Language, etc.
Language, etc.
11
12
Prevoiced
VOT*
negative
[b]
2
Voiced
3
Voiceless
zero
short
4
Voiceless
longer
[p]
Spanish
besos
[besos]
'kisses'
pesos
[pesos]
'pesos' (money)
English
bases
[besz]
paces
[pesz]
14
Phonological Processes
Used by Children
15
Reduction
tore/store
baw/bottle
Coalescence
paf/pacifier
Assimilation
nance/dance
fweet/sweet
Reduplication
dada/daddy
16
First Words
17
Nominals:
ball, car
Proper nouns:
Mommy
Action words:
up, go
Modifiers:
dirty, pretty
Personal/social:
please, want
Function:
what, for
From K. Nelson. 1973. Sturcutre and strategy in learning to talk. Monographs of the
Society for Research in Child Development, 38 (1-2 Serial No. 149). Cited in Carroll,
David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove, California:
Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 263.
18
Cognitive Constraints in
Vocabulary Acquisition
1. Whole Object Bias
2. Taxonomic Bias
3. Mutual Exclusivity Bias
a. Each object has only one name
b. Each name refers to only one object
20
1.75
II
2.25
III
2.75
IV
3.5
4.0
From Roger Brown. 1973. A First Language: The Early Stages. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press. Cited in Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of
Language, third edition. Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing
Company, p. 270.
Expressive Strategy
Social interaction
More diverse vocabulary
Language is whole sentences (top-down)
Whole to part
More likely to use 'dummy terms'
21