Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Chapter 7:
ENTROPY
CLAUSIUS INEQUALITY
Q
T 0
T 0(reversible)
Q
T 0 (irreversible)
Q
T 0 (impossible)
ENTROPY
Q
T int rev
dS
kJ /K
T int rev
S S2 S1
1
kJ /K
Entropy is a property, it
has fixed values at fixed
states. Therefore the
entropy change between
two specified states is the
same whether the
process is reversible or3
Entropy:
Quantitative measure of molecular disorder or
randomness. As a system becomes more disordered, the
positions of the molecules becomes less predictable and
the entropy increases.
Is a property of a system. It does not depend on process
path and has values at every state.
Quantify lost of energy quality. The decrease in energy
quality is always accompanied by an increase in entropy.
It can be transferred by heat and mass or generated due
to irreversibility factors:
Frictional forces between moving surfaces
Fast expansion & compression
Heat transfer at finite temperature difference
4
THE INCREASE OF
ENTROPY PRINCIPLE
Sisolated 0
The entropy of an isolated system (adiabatic closed system) during a
process always increases, it never decreases. This is known as the
increase of entropy principle.
Proof: From Clausius inequality
or
The second integral is entropy change (S
= S1-S2). Therefore,
Rearrange:
A cycle composed of
a reversible and an
irreversible process.
or in differential
form
For an isolated system (an adiabatic
closed system), the heat transfer is zero,
therefore
S
0
isolated
Ssys S2 S1
Q
T
Ssys S2 S1
Q
(irreversible)
T
1
Ssys S2 S1
EXAMPLE 1
A completely reversible air conditioner provides
36000 kJ/h of cooling for a space maintained at
20oC while rejecting heat to the environmental air
at 45oC. Calculate the rate at which the entropies
of the two reservoirs change and verify that this
air conditioner satisfies the increase of entropy
principle.
Entropy change
10
EXAMPLE 2
A well insulated rigid tank contains 2 kg of
saturated liquid vapor mixture of water at 100
kPa. Initially, three quarters of the mass is in the
liquid phase. An electric resistance heater placed
in the tank is now turned on and kept on until all
the liquid in the tank vaporized. Determine the
entropy change of the steam during this process.
11
EXAMPLE 3
An insulated piston cylinder device contains 5 L
of saturated liquid water at a constant pressure
of 150 kPa. An electric resistance heater inside
the cylinder is now turned on, and 2200 kJ of
energy is transferred to the steam. Determine the
entropy change of the water during this process.
12
ISENTROPIC PROCESSES
A process during which the entropy remains constant is called
an isentropic process.
A reversible adiabatic process is necessarily isentropic (s 2 = s1), but an
isentropic process is not necessarily a reversible adiabatic process.
During an internally
reversible, adiabatic
(isentropic) process, the
EXAMPLE 4
An insulated piston-cylinder device contains 0.05
m3 of steam at 300 kPa and 150oC. Steam is now
compressed in a reversible manner to a pressure
of 1 MPa. Determine the work done on the steam
during this process.
14
EXAMPLE 5
Steam is expanded in an isentropic turbine with a
single inlet and outlet. At the inlet, the steam is
at 2 MPa and 360oC. The steam pressure at the
outlet is 100 kPa. Determine the work produced
by this turbine, in kJ/kg.
15
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
INVOLVING ENTROPY
From definition of entropy
Total heat transfer during internally
reversible process
On a T-S diagram,
the area under the
process curve
represents the
heat transfer for
internally
reversible
In unit mass
basis
processes.
and
For internally reversible isothermal process
or
EXAMPLE 6
Determine the heat transfer for the reversible
process 1-3 shown in figure below.
(a)
(b)
17
EXAMPLE 7
Refrigerant-134a at 240 kPa and 20oC undergoes
an isothermal process in a closed system until its
quality is 20 percent. On per unit mass basis,
determine how much work and heat transfer are
required.
18
But
Thus
or
the first T ds, or Gibbs equation
ENTROPY CHANGE OF
LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS
Since
solids
EXAMPLE 8
A 50 kg copper block initially at 80oC is dropped
into an insulated tank that contains 120 L of
water at 25oC. Determine the final equilibrium
temperature and the total entropy change for this
process.
21
ds
cpdT
T
dP
P
22
23
On a unitmass
basis
On a unitmole
basis
EXAMPLE 9
Air is expanded from 2000 kPa and 500oC to 100
kPa and 50oC. Determine the entropy change of
air by using (a) constant specific heats and (b)
variable specific heats.
25
26
T/Pr is the
relative
specific volume
27
EXAMPLE 10
Air is compressed in a piston cylinder device from
100 kPa and 17oC to 800 kPa in a reversible,
adiabatic process. Determine the final
temperature and the work done during this
process, assuming (a) constant specific heats and
(b) variable specific heats of air.
28
EXAMPLE 11
Air enters an adiabatic nozzle at 400 kPa, 227oC
and 60 m/s and exits at 80 kPa. Assuming air to
be an ideal gas with variable specific heats and
disregarding any irreversibilities, determine the
exit velocity of the air.
29
PREPARED BY:
NORASMAH MOHAMMED MANSHOR
FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, UiTM SHAH ALAM.
0192368303/0355436333
norasmah@salam.uitm.edu.my
30